غربت‌گزینی و روح الینه شده در درون‌مایۀ شعری «شیرکو بی‌کَس» و «معروف رصافی»

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترای زبان و ادبیات عربی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه زبان و ادبیات عربی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

چکیده

«شیرکو بی­کَس» شاعر بلندآوازۀ کُرد و «معروف رصافی» شاعر مشهور عرب از شعرای معاصر عراق در قرن بیستم هستند که غربت­گزینی در اشعارشان نمودی خاصّ دارد. افزون بر غربت روحی نشأت­گرفته از شرایط زندگی شخصی، دو شاعر از اغتراب اجتماعی ـ سیاسی و زمانی و به تبع آن از اغتراب مکانی رنج می­برده­اند. از آن روی که تاکنون جستار مستقلّی به بررسی و تحلیل تطبیقی پدیدۀ غربت­گزینی در شعر رصافی و بی­کَس نپرداخته است، لذا نگارندگان در پژوهش حاضر برآن­اند تا به بررسی تطبیقی غربت­گزینی در شعر دو شاعر بپردازند. مسألۀ بنیادین پژوهش حاضر این است که پدیدۀ غربت­گزینی، چگونه و در چه قالب­هایی در سروده­های دو شاعر، نمود یافته و با چه مفاهیمی پیوند خورده است؟ جهت بررسی این مسأله، نگارندگان از روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی مبتنی بر بررسی بُن­مایه­های جامعه­شناختی سروده­های دو شاعر بهره گرفته­اند. اغتراب روحی، اجتماعی و سیاسی نشأت­گرفته از هژمونی بیگانگان و فرومایگان، ناخرسندی از اقامت در وطن، ناکامی و دَرهَم­شکستگی، خفقان و فقدان آزادی، بیداد، تباهی اخلاق و معیارهای اصیل، سرخوردگی از بی­اعتنایی مردم به ندای روشنگرانه، اندوه برخاسته از واپسگرایی، حسرت بر زوال سرزمین مادری و کهن­الگوهای اصیل، دو شاعر را به انزوا سوق داده است؛ همچنان­که از اغتراب زمانی ناشی از ناخرسندی از زندگی و مصیبت­های روزگار و اشتیاق بازگشت به گذشته و غربت مکانی حاصل از دوری از وطن رنج می­برده­اند. در مقایسه با رصافی، نگاه شیرکو به مسائل جهانیِ برآمده از اندوه و غربت دامنۀ وسیعتری را در بر می­گیرد. در میان مفاهیم متعلّق به غربت­گزینی، وطن جلوه­گاه خاصّی دارد که سایر عناصر برانگیزندۀ اغتراب را تحت­الشّعاع قرار داده است زیرا وطن کانون و نقطۀ عطفی است که سیر تمام مسائل اجتماعی، سیاسی، زمانی و مکانی و احساس غربت برآمده از آن در شعر دو شاعر، پیرامون آن می­گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Alienation and the Alienated Spirit in the Poetic Themes of Sherko Bekas and Ma’arouf Rosafi

نویسندگان [English]

  • Esmaeil Barwasi 1
  • Ahmadreza Heidaryan Shahri 2
  • Hossein Nazeri 2
1 PhD Student of Arabic Language and Literature, Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
چکیده [English]

Sherko Bekas The renowned Kurdish poet and Ma’arouf Rosafi the famous Arab poet are contemporary Iraqi poets of the twentieth century who have a particular interest in alienation in their poetic themes.  The two poets suffered from social, political, and consequently, they have suffered from the alienation of place In addition to the mental alienation of personal life. Since there is no independent study of comparative analysis of the phenomenon of alienation in the poetry of Bekas and Rosafi, so the authors aimed to do a comparative study of alienation in the poetry of two poets. The fundamental question of the present study is how the phenomenon of alienation and in what form is it expressed in the poems of the two poets, and with what implications is it linked? To study this issue, the authors have used a descriptive-analytical approach based on the sociological foundations of the poems of these two poets.    spiritual, social and political alienation resulted from the hegemony of aliens and the downtrodden, resentment of living at home, Failures and fractures, suffocation and lack of freedom, rampant corruption, destruction of moral and the original criteria, frustration at people's disregard for enlightenment, disillusioned by the public's disregard for the Enlightenment, the sadness of retrogression, the regret over the decline of the motherland, and the ancient archetypes, have led the two poets into isolation along with the time alienation caused by dissatisfaction with life and calamities of the time and the time alienation and the desire to return to the past. Compared to Rosafi, Bekas outlook on global issues arising out of grief and alienation is broader. Among the concepts associated with alienation, the home has a particular theme that overshadows other provocative elements of the alienation. Because the home is the focal point for all the social, political, time and place issues and the sense of alienation surrounds around it in the poetry of the two poets.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Kurdish Poetry
  • Arabic Poetry
  • Alienation
  • Bekas
  • Rosafi

مراجع

References
Abdullah, Yahya. Alienation: An Analytical Study of Taher Bin Jelloun’s Novel Characters. Beirut: The Arab Institute for Studies and Publishing, 2005.
Abu Haqa, Ahmed .Commitment in Arabic Poetry. Beirut: Dar Al-Ilm for Millions, 1979.
Ahmed Taleb, Ibrahim. De la Colonisation à la Révolution Culturelle. Alger: Société nationale d’Edition et de Diffusion, 1973.
Al-Anbar, Sabah. The Image of the Place and its Aesthetic Significance in the Poetry of Sherko Bekes. Damascus: Nineveh House, 2011.
Al-Baghdadi, Muhammad. Nostalgia for the Homeland. Investigated by Jalil Al-Attiyah, Riyadh: Alam Al-Kitab, 1987.
Al-Fakhoury, Hanna. The Collector in the History of Arabic Literature "Modern Literature". Beirut: Dar Al-Jeel, 1986.
Al-Jahiz, Abu Othman. Nostalgia for Homeland. Cairo: Salafi Press, 1933.
Al-Kawakibi, Abdel-Rahman.  The Nature of Despotism and the Struggle of Slavery. Cairo: Dar Al-Kitab Al-Masry, (N.D).
Al-Muhammadi, Abdul-Qadir Musa. Alienation in the Heritage of Sufism in Islam.  Baghdad: House of Wisdom Publications, 2008.
Al-Sindi, Badrakhan. The Nature of Kurdish Society in the Literature of a Psychosocial Study. Kirkuk, Iraq: Al-Baladiah Press, 1967.
Avini, Morteza, et al". The Crisis of Identity; The Interior of Contemporary Crises." Farhang Magazine, vol. 3, no.1 (1372(. 8-27.
Bikas, Shirko. Dehrubandi Pahpooleh. Translated by Mohammad Raouf Moradi. Tehran: Anna Publications, 2001.
---. Divan Shirko Bikas. Sulaymaniyah, Iraq: Sardam Publications, 2006.
Boudon, R.  A Crilical Dictionary of Sociology. 4th Edition. London: Roatledge, 1989.  
 
Burhakehi, Siddiq. Special Kurdish Mizhoi. Erbil, Iraq: Aras Publications, 2008.
Dastgheib, Ahmad Reza. Collective Behavior. Tehran: Sociologists Publications, 2016.
Delaya Milan, Ali, and Fahri Soleiman. "A Study of the Reflection of Mythical Symbols in the Poems of Ahmad Shamloo and Shirko Biks." Journal of Kurdish Literature, vol. 4, no. 5. (2015): 247-275.
Drew, Elizabeth. Poetry: How to Understand and Taste it. Translated by Muhammad Ibrahim Al-Shoush. Beirut: Mneimneh Library, 1961.
Ebrahimi. Parichehr. Alienation with a Case Study of Alienation from Work. M.Sc. Thesis:University of Tehran, 1986.
Farid Hassan, Shaker. "The Poet of Freedom and Resistance, Sherko Bekes, Gathers his Papers and Leaves." Arabi Sardam Magazine, Shamara vol. 38.(2013): 65-67.
Femia, j.v. Gramsci’s Political Thought. Oxford, 1981.
Foroughi, Hassan, and Mahnaz Rezaei. "The Image of Death and Life in Contemporary Iranian Poetry." Research in Contemporary World Literature [Pazhuhesh-e Zabanha-ye Khareji],  vol. 18, no. 2(2013): 159-170.
Forum, Eric. Escape from Freedom. Translated by Ezatullah Fooladvand. 10th Edition. Tehran: Golshan Publications, 2006.
Geschwender, James. A Social Structure and The Negro Revolt. Social Forces, 1964.  
Giddens, Anthony. Building Society. Translated by Akbar Ahmadi. 2nd Edition. Tehran: Alam Publications, 2018.
Grandin, Greg. The Last Colonial Massacre. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.  
Hatofael, Shaima, and Iman Naim Al-Afrawi. "Searching for the Nature of Alienation According to Some Ancient and Modern Poetic Texts." Basra Research Journal, vol. 3.(2011):  85-109.
Hekmat, Rizan, and Alireza Molla’i-Tawani. An Oral History of Babaran Shemyayi Sardasht. Tehran: Peshgah Human Sciences and Farhangi Studies, 2017.
Ibn Sayyidah, Ali bin Ismail. Al-Hakam and the Greatest Muhit. Investigated by Ibrahim Al-Anbari. Egypt: Al-Bani Al-Halabi Press, 1971.
Irfan, Abdel-Rahman. Abdullah Bardouni As a Poet. Cairo, Egypt:  Institute of Arab Research and Studies,1989.
Jawdat, Atef. The Poetic Symbol of the Sufis. Beirut: Dar Al-Andalus, 1978.
Jung, Carl Gustav, and Marie Louisefon Franz. Man and His Symbols. Translated by Hassan Akbarian Tabari. Tehran: Daireh Publications, 2011.
Kenoblach, Hubert. Fundamentals of the Sociology of Knowledge. Translated by Keramataleh Rasekh. Tehran: Ney Publication, 2011.
Khalif, Youssef. The Phenomenon of Alienation Among the Muallaqat Poets. Cairo: Dar Al-Thaqafa, 1991.
Khazneh-Dar, Marv. Mei-Wei-eh-D-B-Kurdi. Erbil, Iraq : Aras Publications, 2005.
Khezri, Kaveh, et al. "Mayakovsky's Paintings in the Poetry of Abdul Wahab al-Bayati and Shirko Bikas". Cash Reductions, vol. 2., no. 8 (2012(: 55-75.
Khursha, Sadiq. Free Modern Arabic Poetry and Its Schools. Tehran: Simt Publications, 2002.
Kizorel, Edith. The Age of Structuralism. Translated by Jaber Asfour. Cairo: Dar Al Afaq Al Arabiya, 1985.
Mills, M. The Sociology of Small Groups. New delhi: Hall of India, 1988.
Mohammadi, Majid. "Political Alienation". Journal of Development Culture, vol. 22(1994): 26-30.
Mousavi, Kamaluddin, and Sakineh Haidar Pourmarand. The Enigma of Alienation in Social Thought. Tehran: Shahed University Press, 2011.
Mozaffari, Solmaz, et al. "Analysis and Study of Nostalgia in Selected Poems of Fadavi Toughan." Research in Contemporary World Literature [Pazhuhesh-e Zabanha-ye Khareji], vol. 22, no.2 (2017): 569-583.
Noureddine, Sabbar.Alienation Between Knowledge and Aesthetic Values. Damascus: Writers and Writers Union, 2000.
Papenheim, Fritz.The Alienation of Modern Man. Translated by Majid Madadi.Tehran: Agha Publication, 2008.
Pogam, Serge. Sociology of Social Relationship. Translated by Abdolhossein Nikooghar. Tehran: Hermes Publications, 2016.
Rabaa’a, Musa. Stylistic Readings in Pre-Islamic Poetry. Jordan: Dar Al-Kindi, (N.D).
Rabie, Yahya Muhammad. "Proponents of Prophecy and the Response to Them." Yearbook of the College of Sharia, Law and Islamic Studies, vol. 12 (1994): 271-306.
Radi-Jafar, Muhammad. Alienation in Iraqi Poetry. Damascus: Union of Arab Writers,1999.
Ragab, Mahmoud. "Sartre's Philosophical Terms." Journal of Contemporary Thought, vol. 25 )1967.(
---.Alienation, A Biography and Term. 4ht Edition. Cairo: Dar Al-Maarif, 1993.
Rahmanzadeh, Saman, et al. “A Study of the Myths of Water and the Moon in the Poems of Mang and Zaria by Shirko Bikas”. 8th Conference on Persian Language and Literature Research, Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies (2015): 935-944.
Raouf, Loghman. Benhama Kani Modirneh in the Poetry of Shirko Bikas-da. Sulaymaniyah, Iraq: Sardam Publications, 2009.
Rasafi, Maarouf. Maarouf al-Rasafi's Diwan. Beirut: Dar al-Awda, 1972.
Rasan Al-Asadi, Ahmed Abdel Hamid. "Alienation in the Poetry of Al-Mu’tamid bin Abbad." Lark Magazine, vol. 31 (2018): 80 - 89.
Salami, Samira. Alienation in the Abbasid Poetry of the Fourth Century AH. Damascus: Dar Al-Yanabi, 2000.
Salimi, Ali, and Mohammad Davari. The Sociology of Deviance. Fifth Edition. Tehran: Research Institute and University, 2012.
Salloum, Daoud, et al. Maarouf Al-Rasafi, His Traces of Criticism and Literature. Beirut: Al-Jamal Publications, 2014.
Sartre, Jean-Paul. The Literature of Chist? Translated by Abul-Hassan Najafi and Mostafa Rahimi. Tehran: Zaman Publications, 1973.
Schacht, Richard. Alienation. Translated by Kamel Youssef Hussein. Beirut: The Arab Institute for Studies and Publishing, 1980.
Shamal, Mahmoud. Youth and the Problem of Alienation in Arab Society. Baghdad: General Cultural Affairs House, 2008.
Shamisa, Sirus. Generalities of Stylistics. Tehran: Ferdowsi Publications, 1994.
Shariati, Ali. Return to the Self and the Needs of Today's Man. 4th Edition. Tehran: Elham Publications, 1994.
Sheikhavandi, Davar. Sociology of Deviations. 3rd Edition. Tehran: Marandiz Publications, 1994.
Sotoudeh, Hedayat-al-Allah. Social Rawan-Shanasi, Ansarat Away Noor. Tehran: Chap-Penjam, 2000.
Tabana, Badawi. Issues of Literary Criticism. Riyad: Dar Al-Marikh, 1984.
Talebi, Aboutrab. Social Alienation. Master Thesis, Tehran: Tarbiat Moallem University, 1994.
Tavassoli, Gholamabbas. Participation in the Conditions of the Anomic Community. Tehran: University of Tehran Press, 2003.
Tavis, I. "Changes in the Form of Alienation." American Sociological Review, 34 (1969): 49ـ 57.
Varzandeh, Omid, and Mojgan Vafaei. “Man, Struggle, and Love in the Poetry of Shirko Bikas and Ahmad Shamloo”.  Persian Language and Literature Quarterly, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch, vol. 7, no. 24.(2013).
Wilkinson, Daniel. Silence on the Mountain. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002.
Zakaria Anani, Mahmoud. “Alienation in Mahmoud Hanafi's Novel”. Majallat al-Fusoul, General Organization of Writers, Egypt, vol. 12, no. 2(1993):  325-336.
Zollschan, George, and Walter Hirsch. Explorations in Social Change. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1964.
پژوهش ادبیات معاصر جهان
دوره 27، شماره 1
بهار و تابستان
مرداد 1401
صفحه 232-273

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار