ادبیات چیست؟ خوانشی ویتگنشتاینی از بازی زبانی ادبیات و نمود آن در صید قزل‌آلا در آمریکا

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی، دانشکدی زبان ها و ادبیات خارجی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

2 دانشجوی دکتری زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی، دانشکده‌ی زبان‌ها و ادبیات خارجی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

پرسش از چیستی ادبیات در تاریخ نقد ادبی همواره پاسخ‌هایی مناقشه‌برانگیز در پی داشته ‌است. بسیاری از نظریه‌های ادبی کلاسیک تلاش کرده‌اند تا چیستی ادبیات را از رهگذر یافتن ویژگی‌ متنیِ یگانه و مشترک در آثار ادبی فراچنگ آورند، اما این رویکردِ ذات‌باورانه همواره با چالشی اساسی مواجه بوده است: با ظهور آثار «آوانگارد»ی که آن «ویژگی» را نداشتند اما سرانجام به نحوی «ادبیات» به شمار می‌آمدند، کارآمدی نظریه‌های مذکور به چالش کشیده می‌شد. در پاسخ به این چالش، برنهاد مقاله‌ی حاضر این است که از نگاه ویتگنشتاین متأخر واکاوی قواعد حاکم بر نگارش ادبی نشان می‌دهد که ادبیات گونه‌ای بازی زبانی است که در آن «حرکت اشتباه» وجود ندارد. یک برتری تعریف پیشنهادی مقاله‌ی حاضر نسبت به سایر تعاریف و نظریه‌های پسا-ویتگنشتاینی این است که تعریف مذکور در عین ذات‌باورانه بودنْ در «ادبیات» انگاشتنِ آثار «آوانگارد» ادبی با چالش نسبتاً کمتری مواجه خواهد‌ بود. در پایان، خواهیم دید که این تعریف ویتگنشتاینی از ادبیات چگونه به واکاویِ خوانشی جدید از معنای «خود-ارجاع» رمان صید قزل‌آلا در آمریکا یاری می‌رساند.      

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

What Is Literature? A Wittgensteinian Reading of the Language Game of Literature and its Manifestation in Trout Fishing in America

نویسندگان [English]

  • Maryam Soltan Beyad 1
  • Bessat Elmie 2
1 Department of English, Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of English, Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

The question “What is literature?” has always aroused controversial answers throughout the history of literary criticism. Classic theories of literature have tried to characterize the essence of literature through proposing a unique textual property common to all instances of literary works, yet this essentialist approach has always faced an intractable challenge: with the emergence of “avant-garde” works, which did not have that particular “property” yet somehow came to be regarded as “literature”, the explanatory power of such theories were challenged. In response to this challenge, in this paper, it will be argued that, from the later Wittgenstein’s perspective, an analysis of the rules governing literary writing demonstrates that literature is a language game wherein there are no “wrong moves”. One advantage of this new definition, despite its essentialist character, will be that it will face relatively fewer challenges in considering “avant-garde” works as literature. Finally, it will be demonstrated how this new Wittgensteinian definition of literature contributes to an understanding of the “reflexive” meaning of Brautigan’s Trout Fishing in America.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Literature (Literary composition)
  • Ludwig Wittgenstein
  • Language Games
  • Rules
  • Richard Brautigan
  • Trout Fishing in America

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پژوهش ادبیات معاصر جهان
دوره 26، شماره 2
بهمن 1400
صفحه 687-728

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