از سپهرنشانه‌ای لوتمان تا روایت‌شناسی گریماس (مطالعه‌ی رمان «جنایت و مکافات» داستایفسکی)

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری پژوهش هنر، گروه تخصصی هنر، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، تهران، ایران

2 گروه زبان و ادبیات فرانسه، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ، تهران ، ایران

3 گروه زبان ادبیات فرانسه، دانشکدۀ زبان و ادبیات، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی تهران ، تهران ، ایران

چکیده

نشانه­شناسی فرهنگی یکی از حوزه­های نشانه­شناسی است که با نام یوری لوتمان پیوند خورده است. لوتمان فرهنگ را به‌مثابه­‌ی یک نظام نشانه­ای و در  تعامل با سایرنظام­های نشانه­ای در نظر می­گیرد. از دیدگاه لوتمان، هر فرهنگی خود را نظام­مند و آنچه را که در بیرون از سپهرنشانه­ای فرهنگ خودی قرار دارد، به‌مثابه­ی نه­-فرهنگ می­شناسد. بر اساس نظریه­ی روایت­مندی، رخداد نوعی تغییر وضعیت از هنجارهای موجود در سپهر نشانه­ای تلقی می­شود که با تعریف رخداد از منظر گریماس مطابقت دارد. مقاله­ی حاضر با تکیه بر دیدگاه نشانه­شناسی فرهنگیِ لوتمان و فرایند روایی گریماس، به تحلیل رمان «جنایت و مکافات» اثر فئودور داستایفسکی می­پردازد. در این مطالعه، بررسی قابلیت­های کاربردی نظریه­ی نشانه­شناسی فرهنگی لوتمان در مقایسه با روایت‌شناسی گریماسی انجام گرفت تا نشان دهیم، چگونه نویسنده­ی روس ارزش­های اصلی اعم از ایدئولوژی، دین و سیاست را در تقابل با دو قطب خود (روسیه) و دیگری (غرب) مورد قیاس قرار می­دهد. دگردیسی راسکولنیکف (قهرمان رمان) و گذار از مرز «دیگری» به «خود» در آخرین بخش رمان از طریق کابوسی شکل می­گیرد که با عبور از وضعیت نامطلوب، ناگهانی و بدون مداخله­ی سوژه، مطابقت دارد. نتایج نشان می­دهد، سپهر نشانه‌ای لوتمان صرفاً محدود به دوگانه­های طبیعت و فرهنگ و یا خود و دیگری نیست؛ بلکه فضایی پویا و در حال تکامل است که در آن رخداد، چالش، تعامل میان عناصر گستره‌ای و فشاره‌ای و همچنین فضای چرخشی و رفت و برگشتی امری مهم تلقی می­شوند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

From Lutman's symbolic sphere to Grimas's narratology, study of Dostoyevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment"

نویسندگان [English]

  • Siavash Golshiri 1
  • Hamid Reza Shairi 2
  • bahman namvarmotlagh 3
1 PhD Student of Art Research, Departman of Art, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of French Language and Literature, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran Iran
3 Department of French Language and Literature, Faculty of Language and Literature, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Cultural semiotics is one of the fields of semiotics that is associated with the name of Yuri Lutman. Lotman considers culture as a symbolic system in confrontation and interaction with other symbolic systems. From Lutman's point of view, every culture is self-systematic and what is outside the scope of its own culture is known as non-culture. The theory of narrativeness and occurrence based on the theory of Lotman's symbolic sphere considers the event as a kind of change of the norms in the symbolic sphere, which corresponds to the definition of the event from the perspective of Grimas. The present article analyzes the novel "Crime and Punishment" by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, relying on Lutman's cultural semiotics and Grimas's narrative process. The purpose of this study is to investigate the practical capabilities of Lutman's theory of cultural semiotics in comparison with Grimassi's narratology, in order to show how the Russian writer presents the main values, including ideology, religion and politics, in opposition to two poles. It compares itself (Russia) and the other (the West). Raskolnikov's metamorphosis and the transition from the border of "other" to "self" in the last part of the novel is formed through a nightmare, which corresponds to passing through an unfavorable situation, sudden and without intervention of the subject. Therefore, the new situation refers to the "self and not the other" approach; The approach that is related to the function of identification and ideology of culture considers Russian culture superior to the West.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Culture
  • non-culture
  • self
  • Lutman
  • Grimas
  • Dostoyevsky
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