بدهی و کنترل: انسان بدهکار در نمایشنامه معاصر آمریکا

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی،دانشکده، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران

2 گروه زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی،دانشکده زبان‌ها و ادبیات خارجی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

10.22059/jor.2024.371319.2494

چکیده

بحران مالی سال‌های 2007 تا 2009 تغییرات مهمی در شرایط اجتماعی و فرهنگی جامعه آمریکا پدید آورد. این رکود و پیامدهای آن تأثیرات ویژه‌ای نیز بر نگرش بسیاری از نویسندگان آمریکایی بر جای گذاشت و توجه آن‌ها را به سیاست‌های استثماری نئولیبرال معطوف ساخت. این نویسندگان، در جهت انتقاد از شرایط موجود، خود را ملزم به بازتاب هزینه‌های انسانی نئولیبرالیسم می‌دانستند. پژوهش پیش‌رو به بررسی این سنت ادبی دوران پسابحران در نمایشنامه دهۀ دوم قرن بیست و یکم در آمریکا می‌پردازد. در این راستا، این مقاله از نظرات ژیل دلوز و موریتزیو لاتزاراتو دربارۀ اقتصاد نئولیبرال و انسان معاصر بهره می‌گیرد. این متفکران معتقدند که یک مکانیسم اصلی در نظام‌های مالی حاکم، بدهکارسازی افراد است؛ مکانیسمی که ضامن بقا و استمرار این نظام‌ها است. موضوع اصلی این مقاله، مطالعۀ برخی از نمایشنامه‌های این دوره و بررسی بازنمایی شرایط انسان بدهکار در آن‌ها هست. مضمون مشترک این نمایشنامه‌ها این است که نئولیبرالیسم از طریق بدهی، انسان‌ مطلوب خودش را پرورش می‌دهد: انسانی خود-محور و محاسبه‌گر که ملاحظات اخلاقی را نادیده می‌گیرد. به‌عبارت‌دیگر، این نمایشنامه‌ها نشان می‌دهند که چگونه نظام سرمایه‌داری از طریق بدهی شخصیت انسان‌ها را شکل داده و از آن‌ها افرادی مطیع می‌سازد و با تنظیم روابط بین افراد، همبستگی‌شان را ناممکن می‌سازد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Debt and Control: Indebted Subject in Contemporary American Drama

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hossein Keramatfar 1
  • Maryam Beyad 2
1 Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty, University of Qom, Qom, Iran
2 Department of English language and literature, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

The Great Recession of 2007-2009 had a profound impact on American drama, significantly influencing the visions, themes, and concerns of playwrights. This led to a more varied and socially aware theatrical landscape. Many dramatists redirected their focus towards the economic struggles and social instability resulting from the recession, producing works that reflected the anxieties and deprivations that economically insecure people experienced; works that captured the human cost of neoliberal economy. This paper explores this post-crisis trend in contemporary American drama during the second decade of the twenty-first century. Drawing on the perspectives of Gilles Deleuze and Maurizio Lazzarato regarding neoliberalism and the neoliberal subject, it examines their argument that the creation of indebted individuals is a primary means by which the neoliberal system perpetuates and strengthens itself. The paper, then, explores the portrayal of the indebted individuals in several American plays produced in the wake of the financial collapse. These plays, it is proposed, illustrate how neoliberalism constructs its subject through debt: a calculating subject primarily motivated by self-interest with little, if any, regard for moral considerations. The plays point to the interaction between neoliberal debt and self-serving conduct to investigate how neoliberalism impedes solidarity through the mechanism of debt.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Great Recession
  • Neoliberalism
  • Maurizio Lazzarato
  • Debt
  • American drama
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