پژوهش ادبیات معاصر جهان

پژوهش ادبیات معاصر جهان

تحلیل جامعه‌شناختی عوامل زمینه‌ساز طردگرایی و انقلابی‌گری در سروده‌های محمّد صالح دیلان و محمّد العید آل خلیفه

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسنده
گروه زبان و ادبیات عربی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.
10.22059/jor.2023.352070.2366
چکیده
محمّد صالح دیلان و محمّد العید آل خلیفه از شعرای معاصر هستند که دوران حیاتشان معاصر با سلطۀ رژیم بعث بر کردستان عراق و استعمار الجزائر توسّط دولت فرانسه بوده است. در چنین شرایطی، دو شاعر به­عنوان شعرای متعهّد، سروده­های خود را به آینۀ بازنمایی رنج­های مردم استعمارشدۀ کُرد و عرب تبدیل ساخته و با تأکید بر لزوم استعمارزدایی، انقلاب را تنها گریزگاه رهایی از چنگال استعمار و اشغالگری می­پندارند. در پس­زمینۀ گرایش دو شاعر به انقلاب، علاوه­ بر رنج­بُردن از اِشغال سرزمین و احساس حقارت و سرخوردگیِ ناشی از آن، عواملی همچون محرومیّت، آسیمیله کردن مردمِ استعمارزده و ارتکاب جنایات وجود دارد که دو شاعر را به‌ سوی طردگرایی و کُنش انقلابی سوق داده است. از آن روی که تاکنون جستار مستقلّی به بررسی عوامل گرایش محمّد دیلان و محمّد العید به کُنش انقلابی نپرداخته است، لذا نگارنده بر آن است تا به بررسی تطبیقی این پدیده در اشعار دو شاعر بپردازد. مسألۀ بنیادین پژوهش حاضر این است که عوامل زمینه­سازِ طردگرایی و انقلابی­گری، چگونه و در چه قالب­هایی در سروده­های دو شاعر نمود یافته و با چه مفاهیمی پیوند خورده است؟ جهت بررسی این مسأله، نگارنده از روش توصیفی­ ـ تحلیلی و تطبیقی و مقایسه­ای مُبتنی بر بررسیِ جامعه­شناختی بُن­مایه­های سروده­های دو شاعر بهره گرفته­­ است. وجود عوامل زمینه­ایِ نشأت­گرفته از هژمونی استعمارگر و اشغالگر، دو شاعر را به طردگرایی و رویکرد انقلابی واداشته است. دامنۀ اشعار انقلابی دیلان بسیار وسیع­تر از اشعار محمّد العید است، همچنان­ که سروده­های دیلان اِلقاکنندۀ خشمی فراگیرتر است که گاه با آتشفشانی از کینه و نفرت آمیخته می­شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Sociological analysis of the underlying factors of exclusionism and revolutionism in the poems of Muhammad Saleh Dilan and Muhammad Aleid Al khalifah

نویسنده English

Esmaeil Barwasi
Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
چکیده English

Muhammad Dilan and Muhammad Aleid are contemporary poets who lived during the reigns of Ba’ath criminal regime in Iraqi Kurdistan and the colonization of Algeria by the French, respectively. In such situations, the two poets, as committed ones, turned their poems into a mirror for reflecting the sufferings of the colonized Kurdish and Arab peoples; and by emphasizing the necessity of decolonization, they consider revolution as the only escape from the clutches of colonialism and occupation. What lies unrevealed regarding the tendency of the poets towards revolution, in addition to sufferings caused by the occupation of the lands and the feelings of humiliation and frustration, there also are factors such as deprivation, assimilation of the colonized people and committing crimes, which pushed Dilan and Aleid towards taking revolutionary actions. Since, no independent research has investigated the factors of passive and beneficial tendency for revolutionary actions, the author is determined to do a comparative analysis of the phenomenon in the poems of the two poets. The fundamental issue dealt with in the current study is that how and in what forms underlying factors of revolutionary actions are reflected in the poems of the two poets, and what concepts they are linked to. In order to investigate this issue, the author has used a descriptive-analytical, comparative method based on a sociological investigation of their poems. The existence of background factors originating from a colonialist and occupying hegemony has forced the poets to adopt a revolutionary approach.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

revolution
Exclusionism
deprivation
assimilation
crime
Muhammad Dilan
Muhammad Aleid
Ahmadi, Ali Akbar, and Sohayla Darabi. 2020. “A Comparative Study of Postcolonial Thought in Ahlam Al-Mostaghanemi’s Dhakirat al-Jasad and Ahmad Mahmoud’s Hamsayeha.” Research in Contemporary World Literature 24 (2): 307–34. https://doi.org/10.22059/jor.2019.214370.1435.
Al Khalifa, Muhammad al-Eid. 2010. Collected Poems. Ain M’lila: Dar al-Huda.
Ali, Dilshad. 1981. Dilan: Poet and Advocate of Freedom. Baghdad: Iraqi Scientific Academy Press.
Allush, Said. 1987. Schools of Comparative Literature: A Methodological Study. Beirut: al-Markaz al-Thaqafi al-Arabi.
Arendt, Hannah. 2024. Violence and Reflections on Politics and Revolution. Translated by Ezzatollah Fouladvand. Tehran: Kharazmi.
Bashiriyeh, Hossein. 2008. Teaching Political Knowledge. Tehran: Negah-e Moaser.
Ben Samina, Muhammad. 1992. Muhammad al-Eid Al Khalifa: An Analytical Study of His Life. Algiers: Diwan al-Matbu‘at al-Jami‘iyya.
Bouaishawi, Walid. 2017. “Linguistic Formation in the Collected Poems of Muhammad al-Eid Al Khalifa: Riddle Poetry as a Case Study.” Master’s thesis, Mohamed Boudiaf University of M’Sila.
Brinton, Crane. 1960. The Anatomy of Revolution. New York: Vintage Books.
Brooker, Paul. 2005. Non-Democratic Regimes: Theory, Government and Politics. Translated by Alireza Sami‘i Esfahani. Tehran: Kavir.
Calvert, Peter. 2004. Revolution and Counter-Revolution. Translated by Hamid Qane‘i Fazeli. Tehran: Ashian.
Chaliand, Gérard. 2010. The Kurdish Tragedy. Translated by Veria Rahmani. Erbil: Mokriani Institute.
Cohan, A. S. 2008. Theories of Revolution. Translated by Alireza Tayyeb. Tehran: Qomes.
Dilan, Mohammad Salih. 2013. Collected Poems. Edited by Abdullah Agrin. Erbil: Chwarchira.
Edwards, Lyford P. 1927. The Natural History of Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Foran, John, ed. 2007. Theorizing Revolutions. Translated by Farhang Ershad. Tehran: Ney.
Giddens, Anthony. 1989. Sociology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Goldstone, Jack A., ed. 2006. Revolutions: Theoretical, Comparative, and Historical Studies. Translated by Mohammad Taqi Delafrouz. Tehran: Kavir.
Golmohammadi, Ahmad. 2016. Globalization, Culture, Identity. Tehran: Ney.
Gurr, Ted Robert. 1973. “The Revolution-Social-Change Nexus: Some Old Theories and New Hypotheses.” Comparative Politics 5 (3): 359–92. https://doi.org/10.2307/421270.
Gurr, Ted Robert. 2009. Why Men Rebel. Translated by Ali Morshedizad. Tehran: Research Institute of Strategic Studies.
Haslam, Nick, and Steve Loughnan. 2014. “Dehumanization and Infrahumanization.” Annual Review of Psychology 65: 399–423. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115045.
Hoselitz, Bert F., and Ann Ruth Willner. 1962. “Economic Development, Political Strategies, and American Aid.” In The Revolution in World Politics, edited by Morton A. Kaplan, 357–71. New York: Wiley.
Hosseini Akbarnejad, Haleh, and Hoorieh Hosseini Akbarnejad. 2020. “Analyzing the Draft Convention on Crimes against Humanity.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 8 (15): 227–54.
Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Johnson, Chalmers. 1966. Revolutionary Change. Boston: Little, Brown.
Kelman, Herbert C. 1973. “Violence without Moral Restraint: Reflections on the Dehumanization of Victims and Victimizers.” Journal of Social Issues 29 (4): 25–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1973.tb00102.x.
Kharfi, Saleh. 1984. Modern Algerian Poetry. Algiers: al-Mu’assasa al-Wataniyya lil-Kitab.
Khaznadar, Marif. 2010. History of Kurdish Literature. Erbil: Aras.
Khezri, Haydar. 2008. “Comparative Literature in Eastern European Countries.” Journal of the Iranian Association of Arabic Language and Literature 4 (10): 19–38.
Memmi, Albert. 2022. The Colonizer and the Colonized. Translated by Homa Natiq. Tehran: Parnian Andish.
Moosavinia, Sayyed Rahim. 2022. “Representing Trauma in Haruki Murakami’s ‘Landscape with Flatiron.’” Research in Contemporary World Literature 27 (1): 503–37. https://doi.org/10.22059/jor.2020.288882.1895.
Neumann, Sigmund. 1949. “The International Civil War.” World Politics 1 (3): 333–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/2009034.
Nicholson, Ronald B. 1994. “Ethnic Nationalism and Religious Exclusivism.” Politikon 21 (2): 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589349408705008.
Nouri, Hadi, comp. and trans. 2006. About Totalitarianism. Tehran: Pardis-e Danesh.
Richards, Barry. 2003. The Psychoanalysis of Popular Culture. Translated by Hossein Payandeh. Tehran: Tarh-e Now.
Robertson, David. 1985. The Penguin Dictionary of Politics. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
Rocher, Guy. 2016. Social Change. Translated by Mansour Vosouqi. Tehran: Ney.
Saad Allah, Abu al-Qasim. 1998. Muhammad al-Eid Al Khalifa: Pioneer of Modern Algerian Poetry. Cairo: Dar al-Ma‘arif.
Sotoudeh, Hedayatollah. 2009. Social Psychology. Tehran: Avaye Noor.
Soule, George. 1935. The Coming American Revolution. New York: Macmillan.
Spielberger, Charles D., ed. 2004. Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology. 3 vols. Oxford: Elsevier Academic Press.

مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده
انتشار آنلاین از 04 آبان 1405