Comparative and sociological analysis of class discrimination in the poems of Ghaneh Marivani and Mohammad Mahdi Al-Javaheri

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

2 Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Tarbiat Madares University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Ghaneh Marivani and Mohammad Mehdi Javaheri were contemporaries living during a long period of domination by the lord-serf system and as a result, the concentration of power and wealth in the feudal class and the marginalization of the serf class. Living in such a society deepened the feeling of failure and humiliation in the hearts, souls and thoughts of the two poets, because struggling with deprivation in their personal lives and observing the miserable living conditions of subordinate people left a deep impact on the poetic emotions of Ghaneh and Javaheri and turned their poems into a full-view mirror of the principles of critical realism in representing the suffering and deprivation of the lower class in the lord-serf society. The monopoly of agricultural properties and means of production in the hands of the feudal class resulted in the accumulation of wealth in the control of this class and extreme poverty and hunger for the serfs, which led to the representation of the duality of poverty and wealth in the poems of two poets and an image of the poverty and hunger of the suffering subjects. The strong economic link between the landowners and the central government and, as a result, the participation of the landowners in political affairs spread the domination of the feudal class and resulted in social oppression of the subjects who do not benefit from the socio-political status. This caused the absolute domination and unlimited ownership of the feudal lords over the lives, property, honor and fate of the subjects, which pushed the poetic content of two poets towards the representation of social oppression and the suffering of the serfs under the control of feudal lords. The ownership of the labor force as the only property of the serfs and the hegemony and unbridled power of the feudal lords caused the exploitation of the subjects by the feudal lords and their instrumentalization by the owners. This induced the parasitic image of the life of the owners as a result of the exploitation of the serfs in the poems of the two poets. The dialectical stance of Ghaneh and Javaheri in criticizing the existing situation is the result of the dialectical and contradictory social conditions prevailing in the society in which the two poets lived. In other words, the existing class conflict brought the two poets to dialectical criticism.  The socialist attitude and awareness of the Marxist point of view in believing in revolution to face class discrimination inspired the poetic content of the two poets towards revolution in confronting the class divide.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Abboud, Abda. Comparative literature; Theoretical introduction and applied studies. Al-Baath University. Faculty of Arts and Humanities. 1992. 46-47.
Adibi, Hossein and Ansari, Abdul Maboud. Sociological theories. Tehran. Danje Publications. 1387. 140-141.
Agburn, William and Niemkoff, Mayer. The field of sociology. Translated by Amirhossein Arianpour. Tehran. Franklin Publishing. N.D. 381.
Alavi, H. "Peasant Classes and Primordial Loyalties". journal of peasant studies. 1973. pp 23-61.
Alvash, Sa’id. Schools of comparative literature; methodical study. Beirut. Arab Cultural Centre. 1987. 127.
Anderson, perry. Lineages of the absolutist state. atlantic highlands. humanities press. 1974. 497.
Bashiriyeh, Hossein. Political sociology. Tehran. Ney publications. 2008. 201.
Bodin, Rosenthal. The Philosophical Encyclopedia. Translated by Samir Karam. Beirut. 1987. 143-144.
Braverman, harry. Labor and monopoly capital the degradation of work in the twentieth century. New York. Monthly review press. 1974. 6.
Bruinsen, Martin van. Sociology of Kurdish people. Translated by Ebrahim Yunsi. Tehran. Paniz Publishing. 2013. 355.
Cohen, Bruce. An introduction to sociology. Translated by Mohsen Salasi. Fifth edition. Tehran. Tutia publication. 1998. 186.
Cohen, G. Karl Marx’s Theory of History. Princeton. Princeton university press. 2000. 213-215.
Coser, Lewis. The life and thought of great sociologists. Translated by Mohsen Salasi. Third edition. Tehran. Elmi publications. 1991. 82.
Crozier, Brian. The Rebels; A Studyof Post War Insurrections. London. Chotto & Windus. 1960. 15-16.
Dilshad, Jafar and Ali-Akbar, Moradian. "Jawahri and importance of poetry". Journal of the Iranian Association of Arabic Language and Literature. 2009. Term 5, Number 13. Pages 1-17.
Al-Fayyad, Abdullah. The great Iraqi revolution in 1920. Baghdad. Al-Irshad Press. 1963. 27.
Ferrarotti, Franco. Lukács, Goldman and the sociology of the novel. Translated by Mohammad Ja’afar Pouyandeh. Quoting from the book "To the end; A collection of conversations and articles by Mohammad Jaafar Poiuyandeh". by the efforts of Sima Sahibi. Tehran. Cheshmeh publication. 1999. 141.
Foran, John. Theorization of revolutions. Translation of Ershad Farhang. Tehran. Ney publication. 2006. 186.
Galavizh, Ali. Territorial relations in Kurdistan. Tehran. Rouzbeh Publications. 1361. 237-239.
Garb, Edward. Social inequality; The Views of classical and contemporary theorists. Translated by Mohamad Siahpoushan. Tehran. Mo’aser Publications. 1997. 29.
Geschwender, James. “Social Structure and The Negro Revolt”. Social Forces. University of north Carolina press. 1964. Volume 43. Issue 2. pp 248–256.
Ghalib, Orkhani. immortality in literature; A mirror of the life and works of some poets. Sulaymaniyah Azad Publications. N.D. 112.
Ghaneh, Muhammad. A collection of poems. Tehran. Paniz publications. 2004. 3.
---. A collection of Ghaneh poems. Compiled by Shokrollah Duharout. Sanandaj. Mardukh Publications. 2008.
Giddens, Anthony. Building society. Translation by Akbar Ahmadi. Science Publications. 2017. 200.
Gilas, Milwan. New Class. Translated by Inayatollah Reza. Tehran. Tehran University Publications. 1974. 28.
Gurevich, George. Dialectic or dialectical process and sociology. Translated by Hassan Habibi. Qom. Publishing company. N.D. 184.
Hofer, Eric. true disciple; Reflections on the nature of mass movements. Translated by Shahriyar Khavajian. Tehran. Akhtaran Publications. 2006. 121-123.
Al-Harbi, Sita Ali Awwad. Nostalgia for the homeland in Al-Jawahir's poetry. Master's thesis. Jordan. Middle East University. 2015. 10.
Hozelitz, Bert & Wilner, Ann. Economic Development Political Strategies and American AID. New York. Wiley. 1962. 363.
Irland, Philip. Iraq; A study in political development. Translated by Jafar al-Khayat. Beirut. Al-Kashaf's pamphlets. N.D. 59.
Al-Javaheri, Muhammad Mahdi. Al-Javaheri's collection of poems. Investigated by Ali Jawad and others. Baghdad. Baghdadi Press. 1973. 86.
---. My memories. Damascus. Al-Rafedin Publications. 1988. V.1/49, 52, 77.
Jawad, Hashem. Introduction to the social entity of Iraq. Baghdad. Alma’arf publications. 1946. 45.
Keshavarz Shukri, Ali. "Application of Barrington Moore's theory about the Islamic revolution". Matin's research journal. 2013. No. 15-16. pp 165-195.
Al-Khair, Hani. The flags of modern Arabic poetry; Muhammad Mahdi Jawahery poet of the luxurious classics. Damascus. Raslan Publications. 2007. 42.
Khaznadar, Marif. History of Kurdish Literature. Erbil. Aras Publishing House. 2010. V.6/461-462.
Khezri, Haydar. “Comparative literature in Eastern European countries”. Iranian Association for Arabic Language and Literature. 2008. No 10. pp 19-37.
Khodaie, Narges. “Presentation of the conflicts of society and identity in German migration literature”. Research in contemporary world literature. 2010. Vol 15. No 60. pp 41-60.
Khoshrou, Zaynab & Rezaei nasab, Zahra. “A comparative study of Karl Marx and Max Weber's opinions and theories in the field of social inequality”. Economic journal. 2014. No 7 & 8. pp 73-90.
Kotloff, L.N. The national liberation uprising in 1920 in Iraq. Translated by Abdul Wahid Karam. Baghdad. Offset publications. 1985. 33-64.
Lahsaizadeh, Abdul Ali. Inequality and social stratification. Shiraz. Academic Publishing Center. 1995. 56.
Lambton, Anne Catherine. Owner and farmer in Iran. Translated by Manouchehr Amiri. Tehran. Scientific and cultural publications center. 1979. 462-463.
Longrigg, Ston Hemsley. Four centuries of the modern history of Iraq. Translated by Ja’afar Al-Khayyat. Baghdad. Al-Borhan Press. 1962. 369.
Lukacs, George. History and class consciousness. Translated by Mohammad Jafar Puyandeh. Tehran. Tajrobeh Publications. 1998. 163.
Mabrouk, Muhammed. Rebellion in Al-Jawahery's poetry. Cairo. Al Azhar university. N.D. 16.
Marx, Karl. Economic and philosophical manuscripts of 1844. second edition. Translated by Hasan Mortazavi. Tehran. Agah publications. 1998. pp 131-134.
Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich. The communist manifesto. Harmondsworth. penguin. 1969. 67.
Mohammad Aziz, Hussein. Kurdish Rubies and Emeralds. Sulaimaniyeh. Ministry of Culture Publications. 2003. Vol 1/168.
Naziri, Ahmed. Zirebar's reflection. Sanandaj. Naziri publications. 2003. 68.
Pappenheim, Fritz. The Alienation of Modern Man. translated by Majid Madadi. first edition. Tehran. Agah publications. 2009. pp 120-121.
Poulantzas, Nikos. Classes in contemporary capitalism. Translated by Hasan Fesharaki and Farhad Majlisipour. Tehran. Rokhdade Now Publications. 2012. 16.
Rafipur, Farmarz. "Infrastructural elements of Iranian society, nomadic anti-state system and feudal structure". Journal of humanities. 2004. No. 41-42. pp 37-52.
Ritzer, George. Sociological theory in the contemporary era. Translated by Mohsen Salasi. Tehran. Elmi publications. 2004. 176.
Robert Gurr, Ted. Why Men rebel? translated by Ali Morshedizad. Third edition. Tehran. Publications of the Research Institute of Strategic Studies. 2009. 56.
Rocher, Guy. Social changes. Translated by Mansour Vatoghi. Tehran. Ney publication. 2015. 225-226.
Rouhani, Mardukh. The history of Kurdish celebrities. Tehran. Soroush Publications. 1987. 272.
Safizadeh, Siddiq. History of Kurdish literature. Bana. Naji Publications. 1991. 710.
Sajadi, Yasamin. “A comparative study of absurdity and objectification in two novels, The Alien by Albert camus and Boof Kour by Sadegh Hedayat”. Comparative literature researches. 2021. Vol 9. No 2. pp 88-112.
Al-Sayyad, Sami Saleh. "Feudalism in the Ottoman era; Iraq as a model". Journal of Human Sciences. 2005. Vol 12, Issue 5. pp 241-254.
Sha’ban, Abdul Hussein. jawahri; The controversy of poetry and life. Lebanon. Al-Adab Publications. 1997. 112.
Shamim, Ali Asghar. Iran in the role of the Qajar government. Tehran. Behzad Publications. 2010. 358-359.
Sharon, Joel. Ten questions from the perspective of sociology. Translated by Manouchehr Sabouri. Tehran. Ney publication. 2000. 119-118.
Skies, Richard. Class. Translated by Neda Rezaei. Tehran. Ashian Publications. 2010. 11.
Soule, George. The coming American revolution. New York. Macmillan. 1935. 70.
Stack, Edward. Six months in Persia. New York. Putnam. 1882. 280.
Stanford, Alvin. Theories of revolution. Translated by Alireza Tayeb. Tehran. Qomas Publications. 2008. 87.
Turner, Jonathan. Theoretical principles of Sociology. Vol II. Microdynamics. Springer. New York. 2010. 58.
Vosouqi, Mansour and Nik-Kholq, Ali-Akbar. Basics of sociology. Tehran. Kheradmand Publications. 1992. 249.
Wallerstein, Emmanuel. modern world system; Capitalist agriculture and the origins of the world economy of Europe in the 16th century. Translated by Sana al-Din Seraji. Tehran. Research Institute of Culture, Art and Communication. 2017. 19.
Wood, Allen. Karl Marx. Translated by Shahnaz Moasamma parast. Tehran. Qoqnous Publications. 2008. 203-205.
Wright, Erik. “Working-Class Power, Capitalist-Class Interest and Class Compromise”. American Journal of Sociology. Vol 105. No 4. pp 957-1002.
Zeynali, Bahram and Qolizadeh, Roohangiz. ‘The anti-system attitude of the serf lord in the hunter's notes by Ivan Sergeevich’. Research in contemporary world literature. 2014. Vol 20. Number 2. pp 275-293.
Research in Contemporary World Literature
Volume 29, Issue 2
November 2024
Pages 439-471

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics