Research in Contemporary World Literature

Research in Contemporary World Literature

Exclusionism and Revolutionary Action in the Poetry of Muhammad Salih Dilan and Muhammad al-Eid Al Khalifa: A Comparative Sociological Study

Document Type : Research Paper

Author
Esmaeil Barwasi
Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.
10.22059/jor.2023.352070.2366
Abstract
Muhammad Saleh Dilan, a Kurdish poet, and Muhammad Al-Eid Al khalifah, an Algerian poet, are contemporary poets who lived during the Iraqi Ba'ath regime's domination over Kurdistan and the colonization of Algeria by the French, respectively. In such situations, the two poets, as poets committed to the lofty ideal of freedom and independence, turned their poems into a mirror for reflecting the sufferings of the colonized and oppressed peoples of Kurdistan and Algeria and by emphasizing the necessity of decolonization and the eradication of the occupiers' domination, they consider revolution as the only escape from the clutches and darkness of colonialism and occupation. Underlying the tendency of the two poets towards revolution, in addition to sufferings caused by the occupation of the motherland and the feelings of humiliation and frustration arising from it, there also are factors such as deprivation, assimilation of the colonized people and committing crimes, which pushed Dilan and Al-Eid towards taking revolutionary actions. Since, no independent research has investigated the factors of passive and beneficial tendency for revolutionary actions, the author is determined to do a comparative analysis of the phenomenon in the poems of the two poets. The fundamental issue dealt with in the current study is that how and in what forms underlying and predisposing factors of exclusionism and revolutionary actions are reflected in the poems of the two poets, and with what concepts they are linked? In order to investigate this issue, the author has used a descriptive-analytical, comparative method based on a sociological investigation of their poems. The existence of background factors originating from a colonialist and occupying hegemony has forced the poets to adopt a revolutionary approach. The scope of Dilan's revolutionary poems is much wider than Al-Eid's, as well as Dilan's poems express a more comprehensive anger, which is sometimes mixed with a volcano of grudge and hatred
Keywords
Political literature
Revolution
Exclusionism
Deprivation
Crime
Assimilation
Muhammad Saleh Dilan
Muhammad Al-Eid Al khalifah
Subjects
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Research in Contemporary World Literature
Volume 31, Issue 3
Summer 2026
Pages 637-661