دانشگاه تهران پژوهش ادبیات معاصر جهان 2588-4131 17 3 2012 09 22 Reflection of Baroque in the Structure of Sa'ib Tabrizi's Sonnets بازتاب باروک در ساختار غزلیات صائب تبریزی 5 19 50891 10.22059/jor.2012.50891 FA فاضل اسدی امجد دانشگاه خوارزمی 0000-0003-3600-1008 پریوش اسماعیلی دانشجوی دکترای زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی، پردیس بینالمللی کیش دانشگاه تهران، کیش، ایران Journal Article 2012 10 27 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">To date, the Indian style of poetry has been known by many<br />scholars and literary critics as comparable to the European baroque in the<br />seventeenth century, to which it is almost contemporaneous. Consequently, many<br />comparative studies can be found which have focused on the affinities between<br />Persian poetry and the baroque school. In the present research, Sa'ib Tabrizi,<br />who is acclaimed as the sole representative of the Indian style, has been<br />selected for investigating his verses from a baroque perspective. Far from<br />presenting Sa'ib as completely identifiable with the baroque in its entirety,<br />by utilizing a structural analysis, the authors have tried to investigate some<br />of the unique properties of the baroque, theatricality and chiaroscuro, in<br />Sa'ib's sonnets.</span> <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">تاکنون منتقدان و صاحبنظران بسیاری سبک هندی را از جنبه‌های<br />مختلف قابل مقایسه و حتی بسیار مشابه سبک باروک در اروپای قرن هفدهم بر شمرده‌اند که<br />تقریباً معاصر سبک هندی محسوب می‌شود. در این راستا مطالعاتی نیز در حیطة مقایسة<br />تطبیقی بین برخی شاعران ایرانی و مکتب باروک صورت پذیرفته است. در این پژوهش، صائب<br />تبریزی به عنوان نمایندة تمام عیار سبک هندی برای مطالعه انتخاب شده است. مقالة<br />حاضر، غزلیات صائب تبریزی را از دیدگاه باروک مورد بررسی قرار می‌دهد. نویسندگان<br />مقاله بدون منطبق شمردن شعر صائب با تمامیت مکتب باروک سعی کرده‌اند با تحلیلی<br />ساختاری، شباهت شعر صائب را با برخی ویژگی‌های تقریباً منحصر به فرد سبک باروک، یعنی<br />صحنة نمایش و بازی نور و تاریکی مورد بررسی قرار داده و رویکرد باروکی شعر وی را<br />تببین نمایند.</span> https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_50891_4f15fdae7e784dfb4608d158efde649b.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش ادبیات معاصر جهان 2588-4131 17 3 2012 09 22 Nawal El Saadawi & Genre of "Petroleum Novel" نوال السعداوی و گونة ادبی «رمان نفت» 21 35 50892 10.22059/jor.2012.50892 FA ابراهیم محمدی استادیار زبان و ادبیات فارسی دانشگاه بیرجند عفت فارغ دانشگاه بیرجند، دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد عبدالرحیم حقدادی دانشگاه بیرجند، استادیار زبان و ادبیات عرب Journal Article 2012 11 11 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">Scholars have divided novels into various types based on different<br />criteria including content, structure, place, etc. Some novels have been written<br />with the key topic of oil and its relevant issues, thus having a special<br />autonomy which bans them to be placed under the novel category. Therefore, a<br />new name should be chosen for these novels, something which seems forgotten in<br />novel categorization. Using the theroy of the novel and its defining<br />principles, this research tries to introduce a novel type called “Petroleum Novel”<br />to the readers after conducting an analysis of the novel Alhobo fi Zaman-e Naft<br />by Nawal El Saadawi in Arabic. . The results suggest that the novels covering<br />such elements as oil and its relevant outcomes should be placed under the title<br />“Petroleum Novel”.</span> <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">تقسیم‌بندی انواع رمان با توجه به ملاک‌ها و مؤلفه‌های متعدد و<br />متنوعی چون محتوا، ساختار، زمان، مکان، شخصیت و غیره، (یا برجستگی و محوریت یافتن یکی<br />از آن‌ها) انجام می‌شود. یکی از همین مؤلفه‌ها (محتوا) به رمان‌هایی که به‌طور جدی<br />به نفت و مسائل پیرامون آن توجه کرده‌اند، تشخص خاصی بخشیده است؛ به گونه‌ای که می‌توان<br />گفت دارای استقلال نسبی‌اند و نمی‌توان آن‌ها را به طور قطع ذیل انواع شناخته شدة<br />رمان قرار داد و شاید بتوان عنوان جدیدی برای این نوع رمان‌ها برگزید. نگارندگان،<br />در این تحقیق می‌کوشند، با تکیه بر «نظریة رمان» و قواعد تعریف انواع رمان، پس از<br />تحلیل و بررسی رمان <em>عشق در روزگار نفت</em> (<em>الحب فی زمن النفط</em>) نوال<br />السعداوی، گونه‌ای از رمان، به عنوان «رمان نفت» را به عنوان گونه‌ای مستقل، معرفی<br />کنند و بر اساس نظریه‌های رمان، از آن تعریفی ارائه دهند. از این پژوهش چنین برمی‌آید<br />که آثار دربرگیرندة مؤلفه‌هایی چون نفت و مسائل و پیامدهای مربوط به آن، می‌توانند<br />ذیل عنوان «رمان نفت» قرار گیرند.</span> https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_50892_621e3a9a722bb160779a6cebca7060fd.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش ادبیات معاصر جهان 2588-4131 17 3 2012 09 22 A Comparative Study of Common Romantic Concepts in “Hasht Ketab” by Sohrab Sepehri and Selected Poems by William Wordsworth بررسی تطبیقی مضامین مشترک رمانتیک در هشت کتاب سهراب سپهری و گزیدﺓ اشعار ویلیام وردزورث 37 54 50893 10.22059/jor.2012.50893 FA زهره رامین دانشکده زبان ها و ادبیات خارجی، دکترای زبان محمد جواد بختیاری دانشگاه تهران، دانشجوی دکتری مطالعات آمریکای شمالی Journal Article 2013 03 02 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">Comparative literature is an important area of literary<br />studies with a long history. The comparative study of writers and poets can<br />shed light on the impact of various thoughts among different cultures. Sohrab<br />Sepehri, as one of the eminent contemporary poets of Iran, and William<br />Wordsworth, one of the founders of Romantic poetry in England are chosen for<br />this research. The employment of some Romantic concepts are among the common<br />poetical aspects of Sepehri and Wordsworth. This research is based on the<br />following basic principles of Romanticism: Nature and childhood nostalgia,<br />ambiguous locations and, death wish, , individualism and self image and the<br />notion of poet- prophet, and the love of birthplace and country. The current<br />research demonstrates that all of the above mentioned Romantic elements,<br />central to Wordsworth, are also observable in Sepehri’s work. thus bringign the<br />two poets extremely close in terms of the employment of Romantic concepts.</span> <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">ادبیات تطبیقی از شاخه‌های مهم ادبیات در دنیای امروزی است که می‌توان<br />گفت سابقه‌ای به نسبت طولانی دارد. مطالعة تطبیقی آثار نویسندگان و شاعران در میان<br />فرهنگ‌ها و کشور‌های مختلف می‌تواند نقش راه‌گشایی در بررسی تأثیر عقاید و افکار<br />فرهنگ‌های گوناگون بر یکدیگر داشته باشد. سهراب سپهری از شاعران برجستة معاصر ایران<br />و ویلیام وردزورث که در زمره پایه‌گذاران شعر رمانتیک در انگلستان بود، در این<br />بررسی تطبیقی واکاوی شده‌اند. به‌کارگیری برخی از اصول رمانتیسم یکی از وجوه مشترک<br />شعری سهراب سپهری و ویلیام وردزورث است. این پژوهش بر چند فرضیة بنیادین مکتب<br />رمانتیک استوار است: ١- نوستالژی طبیعت و کودکی ٢- توجه به فضاهای مبهم و ناشناخته<br />و حضور مرگ ٣- انسان‌گرایی، فردیت و خویشتن‌نگری و پدیداری مفهوم پیامبر- شاعر ٤-<br />علاقه به زادگاه. دستاورد علمی این پژوهش نشانگر این آنست که مجموعة عوامل یاد شده<br />پیرامون مبانی مکتب رمانتیک، به صورتی بارز در آثار این دو شاعر بازتاب یافته است،<br />بنابرین می‌توان اشعار سپهری را نیز در ردیف اشعار وردزورث، و ایشان را شعرای<br />رمانتیک بسیار نزدیک به هم به شمار آورد.</span> https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_50893_af1c9de9d8a30466a9e21191e8077e66.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش ادبیات معاصر جهان 2588-4131 17 3 2012 09 22 Postcolonial Aspects of Susan Glaspell’s Trifles بررسی جنبه‌های پسااستعماری نمایشنامة جزئیات اثر سوزان گلاسپل 55 73 50894 10.22059/jor.2012.50894 FA احد مهروند Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University Journal Article 2013 03 17 <em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">The current research examines the role of Postcolonial and<br />Decolonization Theories in the study of Susan Glaspell’s Trifles, which has<br />always been interpreted through feminism. Application of Postcolonial theories<br />to this work is controversial; since neither the subject of the play, nor the<br />setting, nor the characters can be regarded as an instance of postcolonial<br />literature. This paper proves that despite the differences between Postcolonial<br />and Feminist theories, it is possible to use those postcolonial theories that<br />raise similar issues with those of the feminist theories, namely Memmi’s<br />anonymous collectivity, Césaire’s thingification, Bhabha’s sly civility,<br />Fanon’s Postcolonial Theory of Violence, and Gates on signifying monkey, in<br />such a sense that it not only consistent with the feminist readings, but also<br />reveals to the reader the hidden aspects of the play. In order to remark the<br />significant role trifles play in the play, Ernest Hemingway’s Iceberg Theory<br />will be employed.</span></em> <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">پژوهش حاضر، خوانشی مبتنی بر نظریه‌های پسااستعماری و<br />استعمارزدایی از نمایشنامة <em>جزئیات</em> اثر سوزان گلاسپل است. این نمایشنامه،<br />همواره با خوانشی فمینیستی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته‌است. کاربرد نظریه‌های پسااستعماری<br />در این اثر، چالش برانگیز و مورد مناقشه است؛ چرا که نه موضوع نمایشنامه، نه مکان<br />و نه شخصیت‌ها هیچ‌کدام مصداق بارزی از ادبیات استعماری به شمار نمی‌روند. این<br />مقاله، بر آن است اثبات کند، علی رغم تفاوت‌های مطالعات فمینیستی با پسااستعماری،<br />می‌توان با در نظر گرفتن نقاط مشترک بین آن‌ها، از نظریه‌های پسا‌استعماری، مانند<br />جمع ناشناس آلبر ممی، سلب انسانیت امه فرنان دیوید سزر، نزاکت حیله‌گر هومی بابا،<br />نظریة خشونت فانون و میمون دلالت‌گر گیتـس بهـره برد، طوری‌که نه تنها با خوانش‌های<br />فمینستی نمایشنامه، در تعارض نباشد بلکه حتی جنبه‌های پنهان اثر را به خواننده به<br />وضوح آشکار کند. همچنین، این پژوهش </span><span class="st"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">از</span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;"> نظر</span><span class="st"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">یة کوه یخی همینگوی بهره برده است<br />تا اهمیت جزئیات را در نمایشنامه یاد شده اثبات کند</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">.</span></span> https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_50894_e97cc85c5b334461878c6f12a1b9c6be.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش ادبیات معاصر جهان 2588-4131 17 3 2012 09 22 A Comparative Study of Characterization in The Glass Menagerie and The Persian Heritage بررسی تطبیقی شخصیت‌پردازی در دو نمایشنامة باغ وحش شیشه‌ای و ارثیة ایرانی 75 89 50896 10.22059/jor.2012.50896 FA مریم حیدری فرد دانشگاه اصفهان-دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد ادبیات انگلیسی پیام عباسی هیات علمی گروه انگلیسی دانشگاه اصفهان Journal Article 2013 05 08 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">Characterization is a significant element which makes the<br />comparative study of Akbar Radi’s The Persian Heritage and Tennessee Williams’<br />The Glass Menagerie, possible. The authors of this paper believe that Tom in<br />The Glass Menagerie has different aspects of characterization which can be<br />found in the form of different characters in Radi’s The Persian Heritage. This<br />study is an attempt to analyze Tom’s character and his roles in the play, and<br />trace his changing roles in the form of Jalil, Azim and Javad in The Persian<br />Heritage. It is arguable that Tom’s characterization can be taken as a<br />resultant of the three mentioned characters of Radi’s play. What affects such<br />characterization and developments can best be studied in the drastic change<br />that the structure of family has experienced in the modern era. This signifies<br />that change in the traditional structure of family can be detected in characterization.<br />This essay attempts to reveal the status of modern man in the modern world by<br />analyzing the characterization of the plays and reaction of man to the<br />dominance of certain social conditions based on the American school of<br />comparative Literature.</span> <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-font-width: 94%;">یکی از عناصری که مقایسة دو اثر <em>ارثیة<br />ایرانی</em> نوشتة اکبر رادی و <em>باغ وحش شیشه‌ای</em> نوشتة تنسی ویلیامز را، با<br />وجود تفاوت اساسی در پیرنگ، ممکن می‌سازد، نوع شخصیت‌پردازی آن‌هاست. این مقاله بر<br />این باور است که تام در <em>باغ وحش شیشه‌ای </em>جنبه‌های شخصیتی متفاوتی دارد که<br />هر یک از این جنبه‌ها، در نمایشنامة <em>ارثیة ایرانی</em> نمود بیشتری یافته و در<br />قالب شخصیتی مجزا خود را نمایان ساخته است. این مقاله سعی بر آن دارد تا ابعاد شخصیتی<br />تام را در جریان نمایش بررسی کرده و به ‌نمود این تحـولات در قـالب شخـصیت‌های <em>ارثیة<br />ایرانی</em> بپردازد. در واقع می‌توان این طور بیان کرد که شخصیت‌پردازی تام به نوعی<br />برایند این سه شخصیت نمایشنامة رادی است. عوامل تأثیرگذار بر تحولات در ساختار<br />خانواده در عصر مدرن و گذار آن از قالبی سنتی به ‌شکلی جدید را می‌توان در شخصیت‌پردازی<br />آثار مشاهده کرد. این مقاله تلاش دارد تا با بررسی تطبیقی شخصیت‌پردازی دو نمایشنامه<br />بر اساس مکتب آمریکایی، تصویر دقیق‌تری از انسان مدرن در واکنش به‌ شرایط اجتماعی<br />و اقتصادی حاکم بر عصر مدرن را در دو اثر با فرهنگ‌های متفاوت ارائه دهد.</span> https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_50896_2c9832accd09274fee913b29b73b983e.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش ادبیات معاصر جهان 2588-4131 17 3 2012 09 22 Marvelous Narrators; The Creative Presence of Women Writers in Contemporary German Literature روایتگران شگفتی‌آفرین، حضور خلاقانة زنان نویسنده در ادبیات معاصر آلمان 91 108 50897 10.22059/jor.2012.50897 FA نرجس خدایی استادیار زبان و ادبیات آلمانی، دانشکدة ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2013 05 15 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">On the threshold of the twenty first century certain women<br />writers appeared on the literary scene, whose ability to represent individual<br />and social conditions was admired by critics. This essay looks at the writings<br />of three women who have attempted in an original way to depict the different<br />facets of modern life in their works and have been received relatively well by<br />cultural media and literary circles. The selected works will be analysed from<br />the perspectives of various relevant literary and philosophic discourses, with<br />a special emphasis on “pop” and “postmodern” approaches. Moreover, particular<br />attention has been paid to these works’ distinguishing characteristics and the<br />way they differ from “feminist literature”, which actually came into being with<br />the basic intention of calling in question and challenging patriarchal<br />structures and models in the seventies.</span> <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">در آلمان و در آستانة قرن بیست و یکم، زنان نویسندة توانمندی پا<br />به گسترة فعالیت ادبی نهادند که مهارت آن‌ها در بازنمایی معضلات فردی، بحران‌های<br />اجتماعی و روحیات نسل خویش موجب شگفتی منتقدان ادبی شد. این جستار به معرفی متون<br />سه بانوی نویسنده‌ای می‌پردازد که در آثار خود، وجوه متفاوت زندگی مدرن را به شیوه‌های<br />مبتکرانه‌ای بازتاب داده و با استقبال فراوان محافل ادبی و رسانه‌های فرهنگی روبرو<br />شده‌اند. روایت‌های منتخب در بافت گفتمان‌های مختلف ادبی و فلسفی، و به ویژه با<br />عنایت به رویکردهای «پاپ» و «پست‌مدرن» مورد نقد و بررسی قرار گرفته‌اند. افزون بر<br />آن، ویژگی‌ها و نکات تفارق آثار منتخب با«ادبیات فمینیستی» دهة هفتاد قرن<br />بیستم که در ستیز با ساختارها و الگوهای مردسالارانه پدید آمده بود، مورد توجه<br />قرار گرفته است.</span> https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_50897_94cfe3926c4456d2d88ab3cc9a7878c0.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش ادبیات معاصر جهان 2588-4131 17 3 2012 09 22 Analytical Comparison Between the Ideology of Adoive and Onegin in the World of Superflouous Men World مقایسة تحلیلی جهان‌بینی و زندگی آدویف و آنگین در دنیای آدم‌های زیادی 109 121 50898 10.22059/jor.2012.50898 FA بهرام زینالی دانشگاه تهران روح انگیز قلیزاده دانشگاه تهران-کارشناسی ارشد Journal Article 2013 05 19 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">Youth play a pivotal role in nineteenth-century Russian<br />literature. Their life and thoughts were different from others. They developed<br />different ideas and methods. The grasp of different sciences, eloquence, poet<br />and literature, fighting skills, and aristocratic way of life were common<br />characteristics of superfluous man. However, they were different from usual<br />aristocrats. They did not find anything but emptiness, mere entertainment,<br />hopelessness, and sadness in the routine, luxurious life of usual aristocrats.<br />They were proponents of change and reformation both in society and personal<br />life, though the path to this end was not paved well. Their ideas and ideals<br />were not tangible for others and rejected by the mainstream. This intrigued<br />many authors of the nineteenth-century and a great deal of literary work was<br />created. In Russian literature, this group of aristocrats are known as<br />“superfluous man.”</span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';"> This article tries to compare sportsman<br />in Pushkin and Goncharove’s works and survey the differences in attitudes and<br />ways of life of these characters. The life of these heroes in both works<br />represents the ideology and mental frame of the mind of the authors. </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">To this end,<br />we help the reader to learn about the difference of these characters by<br />offering description of characters and their appearance and the settings.</span> <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">موضوع</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">جوانان</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">قرن نوزدهم</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">روسیه</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">در</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">آثار</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">بیشتر</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">نویسندگان، جایگاه ویژه‌ای داشت.<br />زندگی</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">و</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">طرز</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">تفکر</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">آن‌ها با</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">دیگران متفاوت</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">بود. آنان ایده‌ها و</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">شیوه</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">‌</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">های متفاوتی</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">داشتند. تسلط‌شان</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">به ‌علوم</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">مختلف،</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">توانایی</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">در</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">سخنوری،</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">شعر</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">و</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">ادب،</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">جنگاوری</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">و</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">سبک زندگی</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">اشرافی</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">در آن‌ها</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">به ‌خوبی</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">نمایان</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">بود.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">اما</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">از سویی، با</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">دیگر</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">اشراف</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">زمان</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">خود</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">تفاوت</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">عمده</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">و</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">بزرگی</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">داشتند. زندگی</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">روزمره</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">و</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">پوچ،</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">تجملات،</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">مجالس</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">و</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">محافل</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">اشرافی،</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">تنها</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">احساسی</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">که برای آن‌ها</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">به ‌ارمغان می‌آورد،</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">احساس</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">پوچی،</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">سردرگمی،</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">یاس</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">و</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">اندوه</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">بود.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">آن‌ها</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">خواستار</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">ایجاد</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">تغییرات</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">و</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">تحولات</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">عظیم</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">در</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">درون</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">خود</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">و</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">جامعه</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">بودند. اما</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">راه</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">رسیدن</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">به‌ این</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">هدف،</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">برای</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">آن‌ها</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">غریب</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">و</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">ناآشنا</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">بود.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">ایده‌ها و</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">آرمان‌های</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">آن‌ها</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">برای</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">اطرافیان</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">قابل</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">درک</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">نبود</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">و</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">توسط</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">جامعه</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">و</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">اطرافیان</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">پس</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">زده می‌شدند. از</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">این</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">رو، بررسی شیوة تفکر</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">آن‌ها،</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">مورد</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">توجه</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">و</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">اهمیت</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">نویسندگان</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">قرن</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">نوزدهم واقع گشت و محور اصلی آثار<br />آن‌ها قرار گرفت.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">در</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">اصطلاح</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">ادبی</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">روسیه</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">به ‌اینگونه</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">اشراف «آدم</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">زیادی» گفته می‌شد</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">.</span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;"> <span lang="FA">در</span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">این</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">مقاله</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">سعی</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">خواهد</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">شد</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">با</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">مقایسة</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">این</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">گونة</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">ادبی</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">در</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">آثار</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">پوشکین</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">و</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">گانچاروف،</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">تفاوت</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">دیدگاه‌ها</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">و</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">سبک</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">زندگی</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">آن‌ها</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">واکاوی</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">شود.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">زندگی</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">قهرمانان</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">هر</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">دو</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">داستان،</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">گویای</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">جهان‌بینی و</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">الگوهای ذهنی</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">هر</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">دو</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">نویسنده می‌باشد. در این راستا، سعی<br />خواهد شد با ارائة توصیفی،</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">ظاهر</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">و</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">شخصیت</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">هر</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">دو</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">قهرمان، خواننده</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">با</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">مقایسة</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">فضای</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">توصیف</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">شده</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">و</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">سنجش</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">موقعیت</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">زندگی آن‌ها</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">به‌ تفاوت‌ها</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">و</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">تمایزات</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">آن‌ها</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">پی</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">ببرد</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">.</span> https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_50898_85701cfc6c6168aa04e8382b700b6940.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش ادبیات معاصر جهان 2588-4131 17 3 2012 09 22 Comparative Study of the Influence of Persian Literature on Spanish Literature مقایسه ادبی تأثیرپذیری ادبیات اسپانیا از زبان فارسی 123 139 50899 10.22059/jor.2012.50899 FA علی فیض الهی دانشکده زبانها و ادبیات خارجی دانشگاه تهران Journal Article 2013 05 27 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">Comparative literature is defined as an empiric discipline<br />within literary studies that focuses on the comparison between a literature and<br />other literature(s) or other forms of human expression. Nowadays, due to the<br />clash between the two trends existing in the discipline -the historical and the<br />theoretical, comparative literature is immersed in a process of theoretical and<br />practical renewal that focuses on the search for a new field of study..<br />Translation studies is one such field. The review of the influence of Spanish<br />literature on Persian literature is important in three aspects: 1. the process<br />of sampling 2. The category 3. Recreation of new style. In this article,<br />different literary texts in Spanish that have arisen under the influence of<br />Persian literature have been analyzed. I intended to demonstrate the effect of<br />Persian literature on Spanish literature through loaning, while the function of<br />Arabic language and literature as an intermediary language has also<br />beenacknowleged whereever it was necessary. </span> ادبیات تطبیقی به عنوان شاخه‌ای از مطالعات ادبی به شمار می‌رود که هدف آن مقایسة آثار یک ادبیات با دیگر آثار ادبی می‌باشد. با توجه به گرایش‌هایی که اخیراً این شاخه ادبی پیدا کرده یعنی قطب تاریخی و قطب نظری، بنابراین نیاز به مطالعات جدید در زمینه‌های دیگر روز به روز بیشتر احساس می‌شود که یکی از این زمینه‌ها مطالعات ترجمه و زمینه‌های وام‌گیری و وام‌دهی است و نیز بررسی تأثیرپذیری ادبیات از یکدیگر می‌باشد. قدمت ادبیات تطبیقی در اسپانیا به قرن 11 میلادی و یا حتی پیش‌تر از آن یعنی به زمان حملة اعراب به اسپانیا در قرن هفتم باز می‌گردد. ولی قرن یازدهم از آن جهت حائز اهمیت است که از یک سو ادبیات نوشتاری اسپانیا بوجود آمد و از سوی دیگر اولین آثار به زبان کاستیلا (زبان فعلی اسپانیا) توسط اولین شاعر اسپانیایی یعنی گونزالو د برسئو[1] به رشتة تحریر درآمد و اولین مطالعات ادبیات تطبیقی در اسپانیا با آمیخته شدن ادبیات عرب (و فارسی) با ادبیات اسپانیا بوجود آمد. در این مقاله سعی شده ضمن گردآوری متون مختلف در زبان اسپانیایی که تحت تأثیر ادبیات فارسی بوجود آمده‌اند با استفاده از روش تجزیه و تحلیل و بار معنایی برخی از صورت‌های ساخت‌واژی در فارسی و اسپانیایی، به اثبات نظریة تأثیر و وام‌گیری ادبیات اسپانیایی از ادبیات فارسی در این زبان پرداخت، ضمن این که از زبان عربی نیز به عنوان زبان عامل و واسطه نیز هرجا که نیاز بوده استفاده شده است.<br /><br clear="all" /><br /><br />[1]- Gonzalo de Berceo https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_50899_c9b3a9a81e4990ecfe91a18c6c85fd82.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش ادبیات معاصر جهان 2588-4131 17 3 2012 09 22 Tradition and/or Modernity in Contemporary Iranian Short Fiction چالش‌های سنت و مدرنیته در چند داستان کوتاه معاصر ایرانی 141 156 50900 10.22059/jor.2012.50900 FA زهرا جان نثاری لادانی گروه زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی، دانشکده زبان‌های خارجی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران Journal Article 2013 07 24 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">This Study focuses on the relationship between tradition and<br />modernity and their reciprocity and/or opposition in Iranian short fiction. For<br />this purpose, six short stories have been selected from Beshno Az Vey Chon<br />Hekayat Mikonad, a collection of short stories written by the most recent<br />Iranian short fiction writers. These stories are as follows: Shahrnoush<br />Parsipour's "Bagh-e Farrokhleqa," Mansour Koushan's "Ayne-ye<br />Sangi-e Madarbozorg," Monirou Ravanipour's "Kanizoo," Amir<br />Hassan Cheheltan's "Asrar-e Marg-e Mirza Abul-Hassan Khan Hakim,"<br />Asghar Abdollahi's "Dar Posht-e An Meh," and Jafar Modarresi<br />Sadeghi's "Shazdeh kouchulou." Besides being recent, the mentioned<br />stories best suit the approaches adopted for the analytical purposes of this<br />study. The researcher seeks to examine the notions of tradition and modernity<br />in these stories through feministic and deconstructionist criteria and prove<br />that there is a negotiation between the two discourses in the selected<br />material. In other words, the researcher is going to propose that some modern<br />Iranian fiction is capable of representing both modernity and tradition rather<br />than depreciating tradition in favor of modernity. It should be stressed that<br />the researcher is not going to extend her conclusions to all contemporary<br />Iranian short fiction.</span> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">مطالعة حاضر دربارة جایگاه و رابطة سنت و مدرنیته، تقابل و<br />تضاد، و یا به‌هم‌آمیختگی آن‌ها در گونة داستان کوتاه ایرانی است. برای این منظور<br />شش داستان کوتاه از مجموعة <em>بشنو از وی چون حکایت می‌کند،</em> انتخاب شده است.<br />این داستان‌ها عبارتند از: «باغ فرخ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Traditional Arabic';">‌</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">لقا»، «آیینة سنگی مادربزرگ»، «کنیزو»، «اسرار<br />مرگ میرزا ابوالحسن خان حکیم»، «در پشت آن مه»، و «شازده کوچولو» که به ترتیب توسط<br />شهرنوش پارسی‌پور، منصور کوشان، منیرو روانی‌پور، امیرحسن چهلتن، اصغر عبداللهی، و<br />جعفر مدرس صادقی به نگارش درآمده‌اند. در این داستان‌ها، برهم‌کنش سنت و مدرنیته<br />در جامعة ایرانی در قالب مضامین زیر نمودار می‌شود: جایگاه زن مدرن در جامعة سنتی،<br />تضادهای نسل زنان مدرن و زنان سنتی، انحراف اخلاقی در جامعة مردسالار در حرکت به سمت<br />مدرنیته، سکوت و جنون زنان، و خودشیفتگی و خمودگی زن به عنوان موجودی با هویت مسخ شده<br />در زندگی متأثر از مدرنیته. گزینش این داستان‌ها بر اساس جدید بودن و همخوانی‌شان<br />با رویکردهای ذیل انجام گرفته است. نگارنده در نظر دارد تا با رویکردهای فمینیستی<br />و ساختارشکنی، این داستان‌ها را بررسی و به ارزیابی نحوة کاربرد سنت و مدرنیته در<br />آن‌ها بپردازد. هدف از انجام این مطالعه، اثبات وجود کنش و برهمکنش میان سنت و<br />مدرنیته در داستان‌های کوتاه انتخاب شده است. به بیان دیگر، نگارنده در صدد اثبات<br />این حقیقت است که برخی از داستان‌های کوتاه ایرانی معاصر قادر به نمایاندن مدرنیته<br />صرف و نادیده گرفتن سنت به‌طور کامل نیستند.</span></span> https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_50900_9f5d9dc429ee275df0fc85d1e11a838b.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش ادبیات معاصر جهان 2588-4131 17 3 2012 09 22 The Exploration of the Origin of the Novel in Urdu Literature جستاری بر سر آغاز رمان‌نویسی در ادبیات اردو 157 176 50901 10.22059/jor.2012.50901 FA وفا یزدان منش دانشگاه تهران Journal Article 2013 08 12 In the second half of the nineteenth century realistic stories were replaced by fictive ones in Urdu Literature.Wisdom and the important purposes of the Aligarh movement made very big changes in the fiction and novel. Nazir Ahmad and Abul-Halim Sharar were the first authors who created the novel. Their traditional beliefs could be felt in their novels. In their books and stories, first they were pointing to the role of women in the society and the family. Nazir Ahmad who did not like the European culture, started warning about westernization and the effects and problems which would come as a result.. He negated all the superstitious and religious misconceptions. Sharar started to write historical novels to create samples from Islamic Myths and in his novels cleared many things about the parties and groups which were not true.<br />Ratan nath Sarshar, who was a Hindu, was well aware of Muslims and their beliefs, and started to describe muslim ‘s life and beliefs in the form of consolation. The varieties offered in the novels of these two writers has enriched Urdu literature. <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Traditional Arabic','serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">در نیمة دوم سدة نوزدهم میلادی، واقع‌گرایی جایگزین داستان‌های<br />تخیلی در ادبیات اردو شد. خردگرایی نهضت علی‌گر و هدفمندیش برای اصلاح، منجر به<br />تحول ادبیات داستانی شد. نذیراحمد و عبدالحلیم شرر، دو نویسندة پیشتاز این نهضت،<br />از پشگامان رمان‌پرداز اردو به شمار می‌رونـد. پنداشت‌های آیینی و کاربست‌پنداری<br />آن در رمان‌هایشان نمایان است. آن‌ها برای نخستین بار به نقش زن در خانواده و<br />جامعه می‌پردازند. نذیراحمد، دلزده از غرب، عواقب غربزدگی را هشدار می‌دهد؛ فریبکاری<br />خرافات و باورهای غلط دینی را نفی می‌کند. شرر با رمان‌های تاریخی، اسطوره‌های<br />اسلامی را به عنوان الگو معرفی می‌کند و از فریبکاری فرقه‌های ساختگی می‌گوید. رتن<br />نات سرشار، فردی هندو، به خوبی با آداب و رسوم مسلمان‌ها آشناست و زندگی و باورهای<br />آن‌ها را در قالب تلفیقی رمان و داستان با جزییات‌نگاری وصف می‌کند. در این مقاله<br />سعی بر آن است تا به تأثرات برگرفته از فرهنگ اروپا در آثار سه رمان‌نویس پرداخته<br />شود؛ زیرا تنوع در آثار آن‌ها منجر به غنی شدن خشت بنای رمان در ادبیات اردو شده<br />است. </span> https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_50901_b85764d8185f24c366bded31837e845e.pdf