University of Tehran Research in Contemporary World Literature 2588-4131 16 61 2011 03 21 Principles of Brechtian Narrative Drama: Case Study of Mother Courage and Her Children Principles of Brechtian Narrative Drama: Case Study of Mother Courage and Her Children 5 24 23151 FA Ebrahim Estarami Journal Article Brechtian narrative drama as opposed to Aristotelian drama initiated an enormous transformation in German dramatic literature. The major distinctive feature between Aristotelian and non-Aristotelian drama lies in the certain view and effect each one generates on the audience. According to Brecht, Aristotelian drama based on pity, fear, empathy, and catharsis results in passivity, lethargy, and identification. Moreover, it is oriented towards fatalism and individual problems. Brecht, through his own narrative design, rejected this long-standing view which ruled over European drama for centuries. He proposed certain reformations for traditional play writing and was after changing the audience’s outlook. In order to do that, he questioned the process of individual cognition and made the ordinary issues of life seem unknowable and astonishing. This technique which is called “defamiliarization” or “making strange” creates a distance between the audience and the play generating critical thinking. The present article introduces briefly the principles of Brechtian narrative drama in opposition to Aristotelian drama and is an attempt to familiarize the readers with Brecht’s ideas and his various techniques of defamiliarization and their application in Mother Courage. Brechtian narrative drama as opposed to Aristotelian drama initiated an enormous transformation in German dramatic literature. The major distinctive feature between Aristotelian and non-Aristotelian drama lies in the certain view and effect each one generates on the audience. According to Brecht, Aristotelian drama based on pity, fear, empathy, and catharsis results in passivity, lethargy, and identification. Moreover, it is oriented towards fatalism and individual problems. Brecht, through his own narrative design, rejected this long-standing view which ruled over European drama for centuries. He proposed certain reformations for traditional play writing and was after changing the audience’s outlook. In order to do that, he questioned the process of individual cognition and made the ordinary issues of life seem unknowable and astonishing. This technique which is called “defamiliarization” or “making strange” creates a distance between the audience and the play generating critical thinking. The present article introduces briefly the principles of Brechtian narrative drama in opposition to Aristotelian drama and is an attempt to familiarize the readers with Brecht’s ideas and his various techniques of defamiliarization and their application in Mother Courage. https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_23151_0fe53ab665b7845ea7be17becdd77850.pdf

University of Tehran Research in Contemporary World Literature 2588-4131 16 61 2011 03 21 Modes of Representing Narrative Discourse: Stream of Consciousness versus Interior Monologue Modes of Representing Narrative Discourse: Stream of Consciousness versus Interior Monologue 25 40 23152 FA Abolfazl Horri Journal Article This paper examines colorful modes of narrative discourse representation , especially stream of consciousness versus interior monologue from a narratological point of view and through some references to Iranian and Western literary works . The problem is that these two modes are employed as though they were the same , but the fact is that they are not . This has made it difficult to make clear cut distinctions among these modes and also to determine the genres of these modern works . This paper puts the modes of narrative discourse on one continuum , ranging from the most obvious presence of the character and the least presence of the narrator ( in interior monologue and its kinds ) to the other way round . Having juxtaposed various scholars' opinions, this paper sheds light on the etymological and literary aspects of these modes and their very problems and issues . This paper examines colorful modes of narrative discourse representation , especially stream of consciousness versus interior monologue from a narratological point of view and through some references to Iranian and Western literary works . The problem is that these two modes are employed as though they were the same , but the fact is that they are not . This has made it difficult to make clear cut distinctions among these modes and also to determine the genres of these modern works . This paper puts the modes of narrative discourse on one continuum , ranging from the most obvious presence of the character and the least presence of the narrator ( in interior monologue and its kinds ) to the other way round . Having juxtaposed various scholars' opinions, this paper sheds light on the etymological and literary aspects of these modes and their very problems and issues . https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_23152_76c2f1b4a1f0bfbbff4a4789d9d82630.pdf

University of Tehran Research in Contemporary World Literature 2588-4131 16 61 2011 03 21 Presence of Foreign Literary Myths in Persian Contemporary Poetry Presence of Foreign Literary Myths in Persian Contemporary Poetry 41 60 23153 FA Farideh Alavi 0000-0001-9334-1717 Reza Aliakbarpoor Journal Article The literature and culture of our country, Iran, has allocated a special position to myths, including ancient and modern ones. Despite the enormous slope of Iranian myths, the contemporary literature of this country observes an impressive presence of foreign myths that originate from foreign literature including the west and the east. In this paper, researchers have tried to take advantage of the opinion of Pierre Brunel who has demonstrated a new approach in mythocriticism according to Northrop Frye, to consider the importance of the position of non-Iranian myths in Persian poetry and literature. The paper has also tried to use the "literary myth" clause according to Philippe Sellier to point at Iranian literary myths that have existed through previous ancient generations and newly appeared literary myths – which are rooted in foreign literature – and also to consider their influence rate on Persian literature. The achievement of this study informs us about the importance of the influence and domination of foreign myths in the literature of recent decades of Iran and the insignificant position of Iranian myths in the domain of contemporary poetry, which has occurred despite the incomparable collection of Iranian myths; the entrance of foreign components can both enrichen and destroy the identity and genuineness of a litrature of a nation. The literature and culture of our country, Iran, has allocated a special position to myths, including ancient and modern ones. Despite the enormous slope of Iranian myths, the contemporary literature of this country observes an impressive presence of foreign myths that originate from foreign literature including the west and the east. In this paper, researchers have tried to take advantage of the opinion of Pierre Brunel who has demonstrated a new approach in mythocriticism according to Northrop Frye, to consider the importance of the position of non-Iranian myths in Persian poetry and literature. The paper has also tried to use the "literary myth" clause according to Philippe Sellier to point at Iranian literary myths that have existed through previous ancient generations and newly appeared literary myths – which are rooted in foreign literature – and also to consider their influence rate on Persian literature. The achievement of this study informs us about the importance of the influence and domination of foreign myths in the literature of recent decades of Iran and the insignificant position of Iranian myths in the domain of contemporary poetry, which has occurred despite the incomparable collection of Iranian myths; the entrance of foreign components can both enrichen and destroy the identity and genuineness of a litrature of a nation. https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_23153_b39e0454a95c993bd9388d2605e035a2.pdf

University of Tehran Research in Contemporary World Literature 2588-4131 16 61 2011 03 21 The American Negro Resistances against the Dominant Discourse in The Bluest Eye by Morrison The American Negro Resistances against the Dominant Discourse in The Bluest Eye by Morrison 61 75 23154 FA Sajjad Gheytasi Ali Hasan Sohrabnajad Journal Article The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison depicts a period in which the waves of the Great Depression in America fell with particular severity on Afro-Americans. This research concentrates on the notion of resistance to the dominant ideology. New Historicists believe that the dominant power will co-opt any resistance. In this particular novel, Claudia’s resistances to the dominant ideology of white standards are futile and at the end of the novel she bows before American white standards. But, according to Cultural Materialists, in the continuing contest between the dominant power and resisting forces, the dominant ideology does not always contain resisting ideas. Now Black American with paying attention to the Residual & emergent element of their African-American culture have surmised the value of being Aferican-American. In other words, at some conjunctures, the dominant will lose ground while at the others the dominated will scarcely maintain its position. The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison depicts a period in which the waves of the Great Depression in America fell with particular severity on Afro-Americans. This research concentrates on the notion of resistance to the dominant ideology. New Historicists believe that the dominant power will co-opt any resistance. In this particular novel, Claudia’s resistances to the dominant ideology of white standards are futile and at the end of the novel she bows before American white standards. But, according to Cultural Materialists, in the continuing contest between the dominant power and resisting forces, the dominant ideology does not always contain resisting ideas. Now Black American with paying attention to the Residual & emergent element of their African-American culture have surmised the value of being Aferican-American. In other words, at some conjunctures, the dominant will lose ground while at the others the dominated will scarcely maintain its position. https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_23154_74564920d4b9f130298880d010c929cd.pdf

University of Tehran Research in Contemporary World Literature 2588-4131 16 61 2011 03 21 Francis Bacon’s Utopia of Science and Stanley G. Weinbaum’s SF Stories Francis Bacon’s Utopia of Science and Stanley G. Weinbaum’s SF Stories 77 94 23155 FA Seyed Mohammad Marandi Zahra Jannessari Ladani 0000-0002-2417-5142 Journal Article Stanley G. Weinbaum was one of the American science fiction writers of the 1920s and 1930s who anticipated virtual reality early in the development of the genre in the United States. The machine in Weinbaum’s science fiction plays a crucial role in the production of virtual space and time. Not only does Weinbaum’s gadgetry function within the domain of spatial alterity, but they also provide temporal escapes in terms of time travel requiring no physical presence on the part of the traveler. But the consequent alterity is not necessarily utopian, as one is usually witness to the destruction or modification of the invented gadget as soon as the utopian plans of the inventor yield dystopian results. Weinbaum appears to have launched an allegorical relationship between the function of the mind and the machine as two agents capable of procuring virtual reality not only as means of escape, but also maturation. Creating his fiction, Weinbaum seems to have been inspired by Francis Bacon’s mindset in The New Atlantis. The present research seeks to study the influence of the Baconian utopia of science on Weinbaum’s interpretation of the machine and the mind in the process of the production of technology. Employing a comparative method, the researchers try to discover the similarities and differences between Weinbaum’s science fiction and Bacon’s fictional utopia to prove that the Baconian utopian-scientific discourse in the seventeenth century was resuscitated by Weinbaum’s science fiction in the early twentieth century. Stanley G. Weinbaum was one of the American science fiction writers of the 1920s and 1930s who anticipated virtual reality early in the development of the genre in the United States. The machine in Weinbaum’s science fiction plays a crucial role in the production of virtual space and time. Not only does Weinbaum’s gadgetry function within the domain of spatial alterity, but they also provide temporal escapes in terms of time travel requiring no physical presence on the part of the traveler. But the consequent alterity is not necessarily utopian, as one is usually witness to the destruction or modification of the invented gadget as soon as the utopian plans of the inventor yield dystopian results. Weinbaum appears to have launched an allegorical relationship between the function of the mind and the machine as two agents capable of procuring virtual reality not only as means of escape, but also maturation. Creating his fiction, Weinbaum seems to have been inspired by Francis Bacon’s mindset in The New Atlantis. The present research seeks to study the influence of the Baconian utopia of science on Weinbaum’s interpretation of the machine and the mind in the process of the production of technology. Employing a comparative method, the researchers try to discover the similarities and differences between Weinbaum’s science fiction and Bacon’s fictional utopia to prove that the Baconian utopian-scientific discourse in the seventeenth century was resuscitated by Weinbaum’s science fiction in the early twentieth century. https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_23155_27e7d2d0048122fae0f4eb401077df0d.pdf

University of Tehran Research in Contemporary World Literature 2588-4131 16 61 2011 03 21 The Concealed Reflection of Kafka in the Allegory of Metamorphosis The Concealed Reflection of Kafka in the Allegory of Metamorphosis 95 107 23156 FA Ardalan Mahyari Massoud Salami Journal Article When Kafka started to write the Metamorphosis as an allegory in 1912, he had a concealed purpose and aim in his mind. He has described his own idea and somehow himself in Metamorphosis. In other words, his attitude in Metamorphosis is the reflection of himself. Gregor Samsa, the main character in the story, is a hardworking person who loves his family. He takes no notice of enjoyment in his life because of his family. His family don't know anything about his feelings and impressions. His family know the benefit of Gregor just as a supplyier of livelihood. During his metamorphosis, he transformes into a worthless existence and nobody likes him except for his mother. The current conditions lead his soul and mind to the futility of his life and he dies in his room with the wound he received from his father When Kafka started to write the Metamorphosis as an allegory in 1912, he had a concealed purpose and aim in his mind. He has described his own idea and somehow himself in Metamorphosis. In other words, his attitude in Metamorphosis is the reflection of himself. Gregor Samsa, the main character in the story, is a hardworking person who loves his family. He takes no notice of enjoyment in his life because of his family. His family don't know anything about his feelings and impressions. His family know the benefit of Gregor just as a supplyier of livelihood. During his metamorphosis, he transformes into a worthless existence and nobody likes him except for his mother. The current conditions lead his soul and mind to the futility of his life and he dies in his room with the wound he received from his father https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_23156_50f56096d5641c9ca95b522805a32cb7.pdf

University of Tehran Research in Contemporary World Literature 2588-4131 16 61 2011 03 21 A Postcolonial Rewriting of History: Michael Ondaatje’s The English Patient A Postcolonial Rewriting of History: Michael Ondaatje’s The English Patient 109 124 23157 FA Behnaz Niroomand Hossein Pirnajmuddin 0000-0001-8349-2626 Journal Article This paper is an attempt to shed light on how Michael Ondaatje has tried to rewrite Western history in his Booker Prize-winning novel The English Patient (1992). In the light of Colonial and Postcolonial theories and Hayden White’s theory of narrativity of history, which regards historical accounts as metaphorical statements, the researchers try to show how Ondaatje challenges the authenticity of history written by Westerners about the Orientals. Ondaatje, as a migrant postcolonial writer, breaks the long-imposed silence of the marginal people by giving them access to speech whereby to express their own perceptions of reality. He also gives them access to the medium of writing to break the monolithic status of Western historiography (also reflected in Western literary works). Moreover, Ondaatje blurs the borderline between history and fiction in The English Patient to challenge the pseudo-scientific status of history, and presents fiction as a medium through which history is rewritten from the perspective of the ‘Other’. This paper is an attempt to shed light on how Michael Ondaatje has tried to rewrite Western history in his Booker Prize-winning novel The English Patient (1992). In the light of Colonial and Postcolonial theories and Hayden White’s theory of narrativity of history, which regards historical accounts as metaphorical statements, the researchers try to show how Ondaatje challenges the authenticity of history written by Westerners about the Orientals. Ondaatje, as a migrant postcolonial writer, breaks the long-imposed silence of the marginal people by giving them access to speech whereby to express their own perceptions of reality. He also gives them access to the medium of writing to break the monolithic status of Western historiography (also reflected in Western literary works). Moreover, Ondaatje blurs the borderline between history and fiction in The English Patient to challenge the pseudo-scientific status of history, and presents fiction as a medium through which history is rewritten from the perspective of the ‘Other’. https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_23157_ace29d05ce55b8b67c24556c30ec194c.pdf