University of TehranResearch in Contemporary World Literature2588-413171320021122--12265FAJournal Article19700101This paper is an attempt to investigate the uniformity and homogeneity of Persian equivalents of English linguistic terms as proposed in a variety of books and articles.
The provided evidence indicates that in many cases equivalents are not consistent and uniform. The multiplicity of Persian linguistic terms might cause obscurity and confusion. Finally, a few hints are suggested as to how to avoid such ambiguities and achieve Uniformity in our lexicography of linguistic terms.This paper is an attempt to investigate the uniformity and homogeneity of Persian equivalents of English linguistic terms as proposed in a variety of books and articles.
The provided evidence indicates that in many cases equivalents are not consistent and uniform. The multiplicity of Persian linguistic terms might cause obscurity and confusion. Finally, a few hints are suggested as to how to avoid such ambiguities and achieve Uniformity in our lexicography of linguistic terms.https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12265_2be4b15ac18d4b8db08f0869fcc77c94.pdfUniversity of TehranResearch in Contemporary World Literature2588-413171320021122--12266FAJournal Article19700101Language is an “instinct that cognitive scientists have called a “mental organ”. a “faculty”, or a “module”. It is a complex specialized skill which develops in the child spontaneously without conscious effort or formal instruction, is deployed without awareness of its underlying logic, is qualitatively the same in every individual, and is distinct from more general abilities to process information or behave intelligently. Since prehistoric times, literature has been serving two complementary functions: to expand the disciplinary studies (cognitive, emotive, and volitional) horizons of human consciousness and to integrate our beliefs, feelings, and desires within the fluid mentality required for survival in the complex social environments of human organisms…Language is an “instinct that cognitive scientists have called a “mental organ”. a “faculty”, or a “module”. It is a complex specialized skill which develops in the child spontaneously without conscious effort or formal instruction, is deployed without awareness of its underlying logic, is qualitatively the same in every individual, and is distinct from more general abilities to process information or behave intelligently. Since prehistoric times, literature has been serving two complementary functions: to expand the disciplinary studies (cognitive, emotive, and volitional) horizons of human consciousness and to integrate our beliefs, feelings, and desires within the fluid mentality required for survival in the complex social environments of human organisms…https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12266_6a69b48e477514205e1d27a9ce15f66b.pdfUniversity of TehranResearch in Contemporary World Literature2588-413171320021122--12267FAJournal Article19700101The typical spiritual voyager lives in a society which does not fulfill his needs; a society with people who do not understand his will and wish, and this is why he struggles to plan an abstract journey.
In his book of travels, Ardaviraf describes the negative consequences of evil manners and wrong-doing and through this , he tries to summon the folks toward
Zorasterian religion.
He gives the descriptions in an abstract I spiritual atmosphere.In the twelfth century, a poet named Dante expresses his desires and wills in a spiritual and imaginary world.
The next spiritual journey is the one which Abolalaa Moarri, the blind Arab poet, has taken under the influence of his excitement and longing to satirize, and, in this way, is a fight with the common thoughts of his society.
In the nineteenth century, Sayyed - Jamal Vaaez Esfahani, the famous lecturer of his time, wrote his book True Dreams to satirize his dull—minded opponents, and finally lost his life to gain his goal, and this is why we should consider his book among the fore-said great books.The typical spiritual voyager lives in a society which does not fulfill his needs; a society with people who do not understand his will and wish, and this is why he struggles to plan an abstract journey.
In his book of travels, Ardaviraf describes the negative consequences of evil manners and wrong-doing and through this , he tries to summon the folks toward
Zorasterian religion.
He gives the descriptions in an abstract I spiritual atmosphere.In the twelfth century, a poet named Dante expresses his desires and wills in a spiritual and imaginary world.
The next spiritual journey is the one which Abolalaa Moarri, the blind Arab poet, has taken under the influence of his excitement and longing to satirize, and, in this way, is a fight with the common thoughts of his society.
In the nineteenth century, Sayyed - Jamal Vaaez Esfahani, the famous lecturer of his time, wrote his book True Dreams to satirize his dull—minded opponents, and finally lost his life to gain his goal, and this is why we should consider his book among the fore-said great books.https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12267_6d0f05d2893267b523607656ed8253bf.pdfUniversity of TehranResearch in Contemporary World Literature2588-413171320021122--12268FAJournal Article19700101Throughout history, the mental picture about Iran in the West in general, and in France in particular, was double-faceted and contradictory. This picture was initially formed on the basis of ancient history books, and then changed in the light of the references made in the Holy Book (Old and New testaments) to Persia and the Persians. Again this picture underwent further alterations as a result of the Crusades and the propaganda of fanatical clergy. Eventually, under the influence of the travel books of European travellers about Iran and the wise and scholarly observations of the philosophers of the Enlightenment about the content of these books, the true image of Iran and Iranians was established in the French Literature as one of the basic pillars of the World Civilisation. From this period on, the Iranian thought and feeling constantly inspired French thinkers, writers, and poets in the creation of their works. This article will study travel books on Iran and their impact on the formation of the French mentality about Iranians hinting at how this image has been developed until the Age of Enlightenment.Throughout history, the mental picture about Iran in the West in general, and in France in particular, was double-faceted and contradictory. This picture was initially formed on the basis of ancient history books, and then changed in the light of the references made in the Holy Book (Old and New testaments) to Persia and the Persians. Again this picture underwent further alterations as a result of the Crusades and the propaganda of fanatical clergy. Eventually, under the influence of the travel books of European travellers about Iran and the wise and scholarly observations of the philosophers of the Enlightenment about the content of these books, the true image of Iran and Iranians was established in the French Literature as one of the basic pillars of the World Civilisation. From this period on, the Iranian thought and feeling constantly inspired French thinkers, writers, and poets in the creation of their works. This article will study travel books on Iran and their impact on the formation of the French mentality about Iranians hinting at how this image has been developed until the Age of Enlightenment.https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12268_1b767b4f6d670a6837fb262b5ddd7aa4.pdfUniversity of TehranResearch in Contemporary World Literature2588-413171320021122--12269FAJournal Article19700101Nowadays, tests are implemented as a powerful and at the same time a dangerous tool at different levels of education. The variety of decisions in determining the achievement level of the learners, their success in future careers, issuing certificates, and designating the right people for the right professional positions, and admission to universities have made testing a complex phenomenon.
One of the significant functions of tests is admitting students for pursuing their studies at different levels of higher education. This is an important responsibility on the side of the authorities which gets more serious and complex as the level of admission elevates. It gets more serious because the higher the level of education, the more investment is needed. It gets more complex because higher levels of knowledge should be tested. Due to this seriousness and complexity, this paper is limited to one of the many majors at the MA level. More specifically, the purpose of this paper is to examine the MA tests for the TEFL majors. The procedures followed will be an attempt to answer the following questions:
1. What should be the ideal quality and quantity of the MA tests in TEFL?
2. What is the quality of MA tests in TEFL at present?
3. How should the gap between the ideal and reality be filled?
In answering these questions, certain suggestions are made to improve the quality and scientific characteristics of the tests.Nowadays, tests are implemented as a powerful and at the same time a dangerous tool at different levels of education. The variety of decisions in determining the achievement level of the learners, their success in future careers, issuing certificates, and designating the right people for the right professional positions, and admission to universities have made testing a complex phenomenon.
One of the significant functions of tests is admitting students for pursuing their studies at different levels of higher education. This is an important responsibility on the side of the authorities which gets more serious and complex as the level of admission elevates. It gets more serious because the higher the level of education, the more investment is needed. It gets more complex because higher levels of knowledge should be tested. Due to this seriousness and complexity, this paper is limited to one of the many majors at the MA level. More specifically, the purpose of this paper is to examine the MA tests for the TEFL majors. The procedures followed will be an attempt to answer the following questions:
1. What should be the ideal quality and quantity of the MA tests in TEFL?
2. What is the quality of MA tests in TEFL at present?
3. How should the gap between the ideal and reality be filled?
In answering these questions, certain suggestions are made to improve the quality and scientific characteristics of the tests.https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12269_93ccc7a055acbffdbc78566cab64e316.pdfUniversity of TehranResearch in Contemporary World Literature2588-413171320021122--12270FAJournal Article19700101This article offers a review of the abstracts of the M.A. theses. They are the works of graduate students in the field of English Literature at the University of Tehran from October 1988 to 2000. Relying on the library research, 120 theses are studies and statistical analyses are given in ten tables. The study shows some shortcomings in the first years of the activities of the Faculty of Foreign Languages. The number of the theses is very limited and 21 percent of them do not hold any abstract. Some theses do not have the standard format for the chapters and divisions. From the point of the genre and the subjects, most of the researchers have relied on novels. In comparison with the literary works of the nations, special attention is paid to British and American writers.This article offers a review of the abstracts of the M.A. theses. They are the works of graduate students in the field of English Literature at the University of Tehran from October 1988 to 2000. Relying on the library research, 120 theses are studies and statistical analyses are given in ten tables. The study shows some shortcomings in the first years of the activities of the Faculty of Foreign Languages. The number of the theses is very limited and 21 percent of them do not hold any abstract. Some theses do not have the standard format for the chapters and divisions. From the point of the genre and the subjects, most of the researchers have relied on novels. In comparison with the literary works of the nations, special attention is paid to British and American writers.https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12270_cfb005c16f0d1f893026b64de248653f.pdfUniversity of TehranResearch in Contemporary World Literature2588-413171320021122--12271FAJournal Article19700101Morphemics helps us to study and analyze the structure of lexical items in a language. This area of linguistic study was first introduced in Russian texts by a linguist in 1881. The number of morphemes existing in Russian is more than that in Persian. Some Russian morphemes do not have any equivalents in Persian and vice versa. All Persian morphemes but ‘stems’ and ‘markers’ are meaningless while in Russian only ‘infixes’ are considered without any lexical and grammatical meaning. On the other hand, Persian affixes, except ‘enclitics’ cause a change in part of speech while this does not hold true in the case of some Russian affixes.Morphemics helps us to study and analyze the structure of lexical items in a language. This area of linguistic study was first introduced in Russian texts by a linguist in 1881. The number of morphemes existing in Russian is more than that in Persian. Some Russian morphemes do not have any equivalents in Persian and vice versa. All Persian morphemes but ‘stems’ and ‘markers’ are meaningless while in Russian only ‘infixes’ are considered without any lexical and grammatical meaning. On the other hand, Persian affixes, except ‘enclitics’ cause a change in part of speech while this does not hold true in the case of some Russian affixes.https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12271_49fe4372c51595ad65de8bb8c7938a1f.pdfUniversity of TehranResearch in Contemporary World Literature2588-413171320021122--12272FAJournal Article19700101Jung added another dimension to Freud’s concept of “the unconscious” and called it “collective unconscious”. All human desires are located in the “collective unconscious” and all artistic creations, including literature are stored there A close study of literature, reveals that all these phenomena and consequently art and literature could be utilized for dialogue among civilizations. Thematic analogues in literature are further proofs for this purpose to demonstrate the fact that all literatures, in all ages, expressed a similar idea.Jung added another dimension to Freud’s concept of “the unconscious” and called it “collective unconscious”. All human desires are located in the “collective unconscious” and all artistic creations, including literature are stored there A close study of literature, reveals that all these phenomena and consequently art and literature could be utilized for dialogue among civilizations. Thematic analogues in literature are further proofs for this purpose to demonstrate the fact that all literatures, in all ages, expressed a similar idea.https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12272_23b73859a34da9ab776d0fc899826fb0.pdfUniversity of TehranResearch in Contemporary World Literature2588-413171320021122--12273FAJournal Article19700101This article examines basic word order in the Gilaki dialect of Langrud. It is shown that basic word order is SOV in this dialect. Then an attempt is made to identify the correlation pairs in the dialect and to correlate them with the SOV order. In all cases the correlation pairs are exemplified by appropriate data from the dialect and compared to SOV order. The study reveals that out of 14 significant cases of correlation pairs in this dialect, 9 cases/orders appropriately correlate with the basic wor4d order of the dialect i.e. SOV, and in 5 cases the correlation pairs do not match the basic word order of the dialect. Such typological studies play an important role in studying it. and direction of language change. They also correlate with pragmatic aspects of language use, and packaging of new and old information, and help to determine topic and focus in the languages of the world.This article examines basic word order in the Gilaki dialect of Langrud. It is shown that basic word order is SOV in this dialect. Then an attempt is made to identify the correlation pairs in the dialect and to correlate them with the SOV order. In all cases the correlation pairs are exemplified by appropriate data from the dialect and compared to SOV order. The study reveals that out of 14 significant cases of correlation pairs in this dialect, 9 cases/orders appropriately correlate with the basic wor4d order of the dialect i.e. SOV, and in 5 cases the correlation pairs do not match the basic word order of the dialect. Such typological studies play an important role in studying it. and direction of language change. They also correlate with pragmatic aspects of language use, and packaging of new and old information, and help to determine topic and focus in the languages of the world.https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12273_5442c30a047e32922bdadbdb9c87b330.pdfUniversity of TehranResearch in Contemporary World Literature2588-413171320021122--12274FAJournal Article19700101Pronunciation has a significant role in understanding and conveying concepts. A considerable number of Iranians proceed to learn French in universities and undergo some errors in pronunciation in the beginning months.
This research analyzes the different kinds of phonic errors of Persian speakers with the help of diagnostic tests. Based on these tests, the problems of French language learners concerning initial consonant clusters, negative transfer of Persian or English language, nasal vowels, distribution and substitution of phonemes , open and back vowels, and muscular tension are revealed. The results of this study lead the researcher to a new classification of errors based on the degree of easiness.
The findings of this research question this hypothesis of comparative study of Persian and French language that the more dissimilarities and distinction in the phonemes of these two languages, the more complicated and difficult their learning will be. The findings indicate that the more similarity and the less distinction between Persian and French Phonemes, the learners will face more problems in distinguishing and producing them.Pronunciation has a significant role in understanding and conveying concepts. A considerable number of Iranians proceed to learn French in universities and undergo some errors in pronunciation in the beginning months.
This research analyzes the different kinds of phonic errors of Persian speakers with the help of diagnostic tests. Based on these tests, the problems of French language learners concerning initial consonant clusters, negative transfer of Persian or English language, nasal vowels, distribution and substitution of phonemes , open and back vowels, and muscular tension are revealed. The results of this study lead the researcher to a new classification of errors based on the degree of easiness.
The findings of this research question this hypothesis of comparative study of Persian and French language that the more dissimilarities and distinction in the phonemes of these two languages, the more complicated and difficult their learning will be. The findings indicate that the more similarity and the less distinction between Persian and French Phonemes, the learners will face more problems in distinguishing and producing them.https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12274_85d93b757192ac168088fff1193b1cb4.pdf