University of TehranResearch in Contemporary World Literature2588-4131134620081121Social Problems in Lenz by Georg Büchner: The Reflection of an AgeSocial Problems in Lenz by Georg Büchner: The Reflection of an Age27281FAJournal Article19700101Georg Büchner’s Lenz portrays part of the life of a great writer during the rein of Jacob Michael Reinhold Lenz (1751-1792) when Germany was in turmoil and disruption. Being lonely and depressed, Büchner decided to leave home and his country. After being exiled from Weimar and losing touch with Goethe, he found refuge in Rev. Oberlin and asked him to save his life. Büchner wrote at a time when a great number of intellectuals were lonesome, passive, and severely depressed due to the oppressive government of the aristocrats. A detailed study of the protagonist in the story reflects the destructive effects of such depression and social despair that led to madness and suicide of individuals such as Lenz. Accordingly, this literary work serves as a critique of the chaotic social and political conditions of the writer and people like Lenz who suffered from hopelessness and sterility of spirit during the rein of Bider Meyer. Büchner did not aim at writing about the somber story of an individual. Rather, Lenz represents a society in crisis that cannot find a way out. As the two historical periods had a lot in common, Büchner is, therefore, offering an account of his own life as well as the social problems prevalent during the first half of the 19th century.Georg Büchner’s Lenz portrays part of the life of a great writer during the rein of Jacob Michael Reinhold Lenz (1751-1792) when Germany was in turmoil and disruption. Being lonely and depressed, Büchner decided to leave home and his country. After being exiled from Weimar and losing touch with Goethe, he found refuge in Rev. Oberlin and asked him to save his life. Büchner wrote at a time when a great number of intellectuals were lonesome, passive, and severely depressed due to the oppressive government of the aristocrats. A detailed study of the protagonist in the story reflects the destructive effects of such depression and social despair that led to madness and suicide of individuals such as Lenz. Accordingly, this literary work serves as a critique of the chaotic social and political conditions of the writer and people like Lenz who suffered from hopelessness and sterility of spirit during the rein of Bider Meyer. Büchner did not aim at writing about the somber story of an individual. Rather, Lenz represents a society in crisis that cannot find a way out. As the two historical periods had a lot in common, Büchner is, therefore, offering an account of his own life as well as the social problems prevalent during the first half of the 19th century.https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_27281_7cdae650b4b96fca07423c6d4d9514c7.pdfUniversity of TehranResearch in Contemporary World Literature2588-4131134620081121The Person As A Grammatical Category in Russian LanguageThe Person As A Grammatical Category in Russian Language27282FAJournal Article19700101The verb in Russian Language is a part of speech which involves several grammatical features. Regarding methods of expressing the person, we can classify it in two major groups: Personal verbs and Non-Personal verbs. The difference of these two groups is in their expression and inexpression of the person as a grammatical category. The purpose of this research is to consider ways of declaring the person in verbal predicates of the Russian Language. The meaning of grammatical person is sometimes determined by verbal affixes. In this condition, the means of expression by a person is grammar. On the other side, other elements of sentences which are pronouns and nouns determine the grammatical person which we refer to as lexical tools. In Russian Language, lexical tools play an important role in expressing meaning, because in some situations such absence inexistence of a formal subject in sentences, and verbal affixes indicate the virtual meaning of grammatical person.The verb in Russian Language is a part of speech which involves several grammatical features. Regarding methods of expressing the person, we can classify it in two major groups: Personal verbs and Non-Personal verbs. The difference of these two groups is in their expression and inexpression of the person as a grammatical category. The purpose of this research is to consider ways of declaring the person in verbal predicates of the Russian Language. The meaning of grammatical person is sometimes determined by verbal affixes. In this condition, the means of expression by a person is grammar. On the other side, other elements of sentences which are pronouns and nouns determine the grammatical person which we refer to as lexical tools. In Russian Language, lexical tools play an important role in expressing meaning, because in some situations such absence inexistence of a formal subject in sentences, and verbal affixes indicate the virtual meaning of grammatical person.https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_27282_06c8acc9c3a1f0d050712a3fb7262cac.pdfUniversity of TehranResearch in Contemporary World Literature2588-4131134620081121The Translator's Presence in Translated Narrative TextsThe Translator's Presence in Translated Narrative Texts27283FAJournal Article19700101This paper examines cases of the translator's presence in translated narrative texts. After reviewing the literature, Hermans believes that a translated text belongs to the second voice which is always present in a translation. The paper elaborates, through some translated passages into Persian, upon three cases of a translator's presence; namely, cases where the text’s orientation towards an implied reader is directly at issue; cases of self-reflexiveness and self-referentiality; certain cases of contextual overdetermination. Having referred to Venuti's (in)visibility, resistance and minoritization, this paper refers to Venuti's ways of domesticating and foreignizing the translation. Finally, it mentions other ways in which a translator shows him/ herself through the translation.This paper examines cases of the translator's presence in translated narrative texts. After reviewing the literature, Hermans believes that a translated text belongs to the second voice which is always present in a translation. The paper elaborates, through some translated passages into Persian, upon three cases of a translator's presence; namely, cases where the text’s orientation towards an implied reader is directly at issue; cases of self-reflexiveness and self-referentiality; certain cases of contextual overdetermination. Having referred to Venuti's (in)visibility, resistance and minoritization, this paper refers to Venuti's ways of domesticating and foreignizing the translation. Finally, it mentions other ways in which a translator shows him/ herself through the translation.https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_27283_b9e84ad19667a4635595017de7e5b166.pdfUniversity of TehranResearch in Contemporary World Literature2588-4131134620081121Mowlana’s Frenzied Melody and the Infatuation of San Juan de la CruzMowlana’s Frenzied Melody and the Infatuation of San Juan de la Cruz27284FAJournal Article19700101For centuries, the famous Iranian mystic and poet, Mowlana, has had a great influence on the literature of different nations through his mystical frenzy. Poets and writers of other countries including Spain, have been enamoured by his poems as well as his literary works. Poets who have been influenced by the thoughts of this famous Persian mystic have thus been trained in this area. This claim can be confirmed by studying poems of mystics like San Juan de la Cruz and Santa Teresa. This article attempts to discuss Islamic mysticism in Spain and the influence of Islamic Sufism in its literature and culture and Mowlana’s impact on. San Juan de la Cruz.For centuries, the famous Iranian mystic and poet, Mowlana, has had a great influence on the literature of different nations through his mystical frenzy. Poets and writers of other countries including Spain, have been enamoured by his poems as well as his literary works. Poets who have been influenced by the thoughts of this famous Persian mystic have thus been trained in this area. This claim can be confirmed by studying poems of mystics like San Juan de la Cruz and Santa Teresa. This article attempts to discuss Islamic mysticism in Spain and the influence of Islamic Sufism in its literature and culture and Mowlana’s impact on. San Juan de la Cruz.https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_27284_3950222b211904178d68ec49fc08b013.pdfUniversity of TehranResearch in Contemporary World Literature2588-4131134620081121Language Competence in the Beam of Cultural RecognitionLanguage Competence in the Beam of Cultural Recognition27285FAJournal Article19700101Intercultural comeptence was ignored in foreign language didactics for a long time. Modern studies reveal that if we do not pay attention to this important competency, acquisition of language comeptence will not be stable. The New methods of foreign language didactics are based on intercultural communication. They not only use the target culture as a suitable means for language acquisition but also put emphasis on the role of cultural information transition as a substantial goal. To integrate new methods of foreign language didactics, the present article, emphasising on the role of culture in foreign language learning, has conducted a general research on the presentation of German language in Iranian language institutes to study and analyze the cultural roots and elements in language learning and the causes of attention to the important cultural elements which have a significant role in acquiring language competence. According to this research, only acquisition of language competence in the beam of culture recognition enables a language learner to have a suitable reflex directly against target speakers.Intercultural comeptence was ignored in foreign language didactics for a long time. Modern studies reveal that if we do not pay attention to this important competency, acquisition of language comeptence will not be stable. The New methods of foreign language didactics are based on intercultural communication. They not only use the target culture as a suitable means for language acquisition but also put emphasis on the role of cultural information transition as a substantial goal. To integrate new methods of foreign language didactics, the present article, emphasising on the role of culture in foreign language learning, has conducted a general research on the presentation of German language in Iranian language institutes to study and analyze the cultural roots and elements in language learning and the causes of attention to the important cultural elements which have a significant role in acquiring language competence. According to this research, only acquisition of language competence in the beam of culture recognition enables a language learner to have a suitable reflex directly against target speakers.https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_27285_05f9ca53918700f836b2df439c8aa1a7.pdfUniversity of TehranResearch in Contemporary World Literature2588-4131134620081121Patriarchal Ideology in Bamdede Khomar (Drowsy Dawn) Based on Luis Althusser’s ViewsPatriarchal Ideology in Bamdede Khomar (Drowsy Dawn) Based on Luis Althusser’s Views27286FAJournal Article19700101Althusser (1918-1990) argues that there are two ways to maintain power. In order to hold power, the ruling class in a pre-capitalist society depends on repressive apparatuses such as police and military force whereas in a modern capitalist society it chooses to use ideological apparatuses like religion, education or arts. Bamdede Khomar is the story of eighty years of development in Iranian society from a traditional community to a modern one. Therefore, it provides a proper case to trace the change of power from the pre-modern repressive methods to the modern ideological ones. The novel has focused on the institution of family as the most fundamental base in which power is represented. The well-known form of power in the traditional family is patriarchy. The present study investigates how this form of power (patriarchy) is maintained throughout the long history of Iranian development from a traditional society to a modern one.Althusser (1918-1990) argues that there are two ways to maintain power. In order to hold power, the ruling class in a pre-capitalist society depends on repressive apparatuses such as police and military force whereas in a modern capitalist society it chooses to use ideological apparatuses like religion, education or arts. Bamdede Khomar is the story of eighty years of development in Iranian society from a traditional community to a modern one. Therefore, it provides a proper case to trace the change of power from the pre-modern repressive methods to the modern ideological ones. The novel has focused on the institution of family as the most fundamental base in which power is represented. The well-known form of power in the traditional family is patriarchy. The present study investigates how this form of power (patriarchy) is maintained throughout the long history of Iranian development from a traditional society to a modern one.https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_27286_b5724d55de7cf1218575d904e140f59b.pdfUniversity of TehranResearch in Contemporary World Literature2588-4131134620081121Literature: An Appropriate Tool for Teaching Language to Iranian LearnersLiterature: An Appropriate Tool for Teaching Language to Iranian Learners27287FAJournal Article19700101A foreign language teaching method is supposed to take into account the real communicative needs of the foreign language learner. Using literary texts is a suitable way not only to teach a foreign language but to consider particular facts that relate to human and cultural needs of learners. Using the humanistic-oriented literary texts as an authentic document in the foreign language course allows learners to develop their affective and creative motivations, causing also potential effects on language teaching qualities. Literary texts are a reflection of social facts and they can effectively be sufficient means to transmit the linguistic subtleties in a foreign language course. A Literary text forms an outstanding cultural aspect of a society and its methodological application in a foreign language course may accommodate the language learning process by means of presentation of fine cultural points of the target society that could enable the language learner to become competent and useful in his social being-ness. On the other hand, the Iranian learner is, and has been, in constant contact with his own literary culture; this latent contact makes him naturally inclined to an untroubled connection with the literary texts in the target language. This article will address the above issues.A foreign language teaching method is supposed to take into account the real communicative needs of the foreign language learner. Using literary texts is a suitable way not only to teach a foreign language but to consider particular facts that relate to human and cultural needs of learners. Using the humanistic-oriented literary texts as an authentic document in the foreign language course allows learners to develop their affective and creative motivations, causing also potential effects on language teaching qualities. Literary texts are a reflection of social facts and they can effectively be sufficient means to transmit the linguistic subtleties in a foreign language course. A Literary text forms an outstanding cultural aspect of a society and its methodological application in a foreign language course may accommodate the language learning process by means of presentation of fine cultural points of the target society that could enable the language learner to become competent and useful in his social being-ness. On the other hand, the Iranian learner is, and has been, in constant contact with his own literary culture; this latent contact makes him naturally inclined to an untroubled connection with the literary texts in the target language. This article will address the above issues.https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_27287_8d4326bb2dd47b47368a9c3b9489e7eb.pdfUniversity of TehranResearch in Contemporary World Literature2588-4131134620081121The role of repitition of Linguistic Elements in the Analysis of a Short StoryThe role of repitition of Linguistic Elements in the Analysis of a Short Story27288FAJournal Article19700101The study investigates to give an analysis of literary text through a contrastive analysis of some linguistic form frequencies in the texts. Three short stories , two English short stories by Ernest Hemingway and Bruce Holland Rogers and a Persian short story by Sadeq Choubak, have been analyzed for this paper. The study indicates that, by contrasting some linguistic elements, one can describe some personal style characteristics as well as certain cross language stylistic differences. It has been shown that English writers have used some linguistic elements frequently to keep a story coherent. They has also used the technique to keep the characters alive and present along the story while the Iranian writer has used a technique to keep the phonological parallelism within the story. This study indicates that the English writers’styles are distinct. Hemingways’short story has been formed with direct speech and short sentences, more than Rogers’short story which has originated with long affirmative sentences. As a whole the study tries to convince literary researchers to benefit from computer soft wares as well as linguistic tools for evaluating texts.The study investigates to give an analysis of literary text through a contrastive analysis of some linguistic form frequencies in the texts. Three short stories , two English short stories by Ernest Hemingway and Bruce Holland Rogers and a Persian short story by Sadeq Choubak, have been analyzed for this paper. The study indicates that, by contrasting some linguistic elements, one can describe some personal style characteristics as well as certain cross language stylistic differences. It has been shown that English writers have used some linguistic elements frequently to keep a story coherent. They has also used the technique to keep the characters alive and present along the story while the Iranian writer has used a technique to keep the phonological parallelism within the story. This study indicates that the English writers’styles are distinct. Hemingways’short story has been formed with direct speech and short sentences, more than Rogers’short story which has originated with long affirmative sentences. As a whole the study tries to convince literary researchers to benefit from computer soft wares as well as linguistic tools for evaluating texts.https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_27288_4328d83506d864e2232bcb2c85ea4dc3.pdf