University of TehranResearch in Contemporary World Literature2588-4131113420070220--18043FAJournal Article19700101The purpose of the present research is to explore the relationship of Cassirer's views on myth to that of Northrop Frye. Like other philosophers, he tried to express his views on myth and culture with the assistance of his popular precedents. Among popular myth theorists such as Frazer, Freud, Jung, and Spengler, it seems that Cassirer's view has affected Frye's thought deeply. The construction of Cassirer's thought on symbolic form and also his laws on myth helped Frye to draw on these thoughts in his most important work, Anatomy of Criticism, which is evaluated in this study. Though Frye is concerned with myth theorists, he tries to resurrect the fundamentals of inherited theories. The construction of this article starts with the assumption that literary criticism is the latest symbolic form in the horizon of knowledge and ends with the resurgence of speculations on informing the role of myth, which, in turn, forms new criticism as a new symbolic and formal phenomenon.The purpose of the present research is to explore the relationship of Cassirer's views on myth to that of Northrop Frye. Like other philosophers, he tried to express his views on myth and culture with the assistance of his popular precedents. Among popular myth theorists such as Frazer, Freud, Jung, and Spengler, it seems that Cassirer's view has affected Frye's thought deeply. The construction of Cassirer's thought on symbolic form and also his laws on myth helped Frye to draw on these thoughts in his most important work, Anatomy of Criticism, which is evaluated in this study. Though Frye is concerned with myth theorists, he tries to resurrect the fundamentals of inherited theories. The construction of this article starts with the assumption that literary criticism is the latest symbolic form in the horizon of knowledge and ends with the resurgence of speculations on informing the role of myth, which, in turn, forms new criticism as a new symbolic and formal phenomenon.https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_18043_b56b452da2e2c879a35ac27e343dca24.pdfUniversity of TehranResearch in Contemporary World Literature2588-4131113420070220--18044FAJournal Article19700101Having in mind the age of Enlightenment as one of the bright periods of philosophy and science in the whole of Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, the present article first reviews its foundations and the manner it influenced Germany and then presents the worldviews of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. The article also discusses Lessing's play, Nathan the Wise that reflects the dramatist's intellectual concerns regarding this movement.Having in mind the age of Enlightenment as one of the bright periods of philosophy and science in the whole of Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, the present article first reviews its foundations and the manner it influenced Germany and then presents the worldviews of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. The article also discusses Lessing's play, Nathan the Wise that reflects the dramatist's intellectual concerns regarding this movement.https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_18044_e22347a208c91371e1918f8324a00523.pdfUniversity of TehranResearch in Contemporary World Literature2588-4131113420070220--18045FAJournal Article19700101This article discusses the results of a corpus-based, quantitative study which was conducted to examine gender differences in conversational interaction in Persian language. The corpus is 20:09 hours of mixed-sex conversational interactions. Amount of speech as a discourse variable was analyzed. The research reveals that statistically significant gender differences are found in the overall distribution patterns. Males do a greater share of talking than females. Gender differences between males and females on the sociolinguistic level are further examined in terms of two factors: topic and the ratio of male to female participants. The results show considerable gender differences in relation to these two factors. Males and females, based on certain topics, show different conversational interactions and the number of male participants has an effect on the language behaviour of men and women.This article discusses the results of a corpus-based, quantitative study which was conducted to examine gender differences in conversational interaction in Persian language. The corpus is 20:09 hours of mixed-sex conversational interactions. Amount of speech as a discourse variable was analyzed. The research reveals that statistically significant gender differences are found in the overall distribution patterns. Males do a greater share of talking than females. Gender differences between males and females on the sociolinguistic level are further examined in terms of two factors: topic and the ratio of male to female participants. The results show considerable gender differences in relation to these two factors. Males and females, based on certain topics, show different conversational interactions and the number of male participants has an effect on the language behaviour of men and women.https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_18045_28cc52c19ec075129827970812edfa9d.pdfUniversity of TehranResearch in Contemporary World Literature2588-4131113420070220--18046FAJournal Article19700101Although several factors influenced the creation of West-East Divan of Goethe, the influence of Hafiz and mystical love supersedes others. Hafiz' thoughts reflected in his Collection have been a source of inspiration to Goethe for the creation of this German masterpiece. Goethe`s special respect for Hafiz became a major motivation for him. This article argues that this respect provided Goethe with a means to escape into a spiritual and mystical world away from the sound and fury of the west. However, one cannot ignore the influence of Mariane on Goethe, since the creation of this masterpiece, published in 1819, would not have been the same without his adoration for Mariane. Goethe`s platonic love for the latter became a means to mentally travel to the east, and Hafiz` Divan in particular gave him a true understanding of mystical love. Thus, eastern love became the raw material of this writing.Although several factors influenced the creation of West-East Divan of Goethe, the influence of Hafiz and mystical love supersedes others. Hafiz' thoughts reflected in his Collection have been a source of inspiration to Goethe for the creation of this German masterpiece. Goethe`s special respect for Hafiz became a major motivation for him. This article argues that this respect provided Goethe with a means to escape into a spiritual and mystical world away from the sound and fury of the west. However, one cannot ignore the influence of Mariane on Goethe, since the creation of this masterpiece, published in 1819, would not have been the same without his adoration for Mariane. Goethe`s platonic love for the latter became a means to mentally travel to the east, and Hafiz` Divan in particular gave him a true understanding of mystical love. Thus, eastern love became the raw material of this writing.https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_18046_1ec72fd98ac35812e85a183a48e64895.pdfUniversity of TehranResearch in Contemporary World Literature2588-4131113420070220--18047FAJournal Article19700101Freud's article, "The Uncanny" (1919), paved the way for psychoanalytical literature. This paper examines two Iranian classic literary works from a "Fantastic" perspective: Gonbad-e Siiah (The Black Dome), a "marvelous" text; and Faraj-e Baad az Shedat (Relief after Grief), an "uncanny" text. Both texts undergo a main category called "the Fantastic" in which the reader has to experience the world described as a possible or impossible world full of fear. This, of course, depends on the readers to explain the occurrence of strange events naturally or supernaturally in which case the story versges on the uncanny or the marvelous, respectfully.Freud's article, "The Uncanny" (1919), paved the way for psychoanalytical literature. This paper examines two Iranian classic literary works from a "Fantastic" perspective: Gonbad-e Siiah (The Black Dome), a "marvelous" text; and Faraj-e Baad az Shedat (Relief after Grief), an "uncanny" text. Both texts undergo a main category called "the Fantastic" in which the reader has to experience the world described as a possible or impossible world full of fear. This, of course, depends on the readers to explain the occurrence of strange events naturally or supernaturally in which case the story versges on the uncanny or the marvelous, respectfully.https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_18047_4e1df8f993cf82b087e9d0efcb6bbffd.pdfUniversity of TehranResearch in Contemporary World Literature2588-4131113420070220--18048FAJournal Article19700101This article investigates some socio-cultural characteristics of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962) by Alexander Isayevich Solzhenitsyn, one of the outstanding Russian writers of the mid-twentieth century. In this novel the writer introduced a new topic into Russian literature, and for the first time pictured the detailed life of prisoners in concentration camps during Stalin's era. Since the writer himself had spent eight years of his own life in those concentration camps, in this novel he describes events and occasions realistically and comprehensively of one day in the life of the main hero of the story, who was one of his own co-prisoners. One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich is not a mere description of the hard and extremely difficult conditions of concentration camps; in fact, it is a reflection of the hard times in the lives of Russian people. The hero of this novel is also a symbol for an undefeatable character that does not become disappointed in hard social conditions.This article investigates some socio-cultural characteristics of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962) by Alexander Isayevich Solzhenitsyn, one of the outstanding Russian writers of the mid-twentieth century. In this novel the writer introduced a new topic into Russian literature, and for the first time pictured the detailed life of prisoners in concentration camps during Stalin's era. Since the writer himself had spent eight years of his own life in those concentration camps, in this novel he describes events and occasions realistically and comprehensively of one day in the life of the main hero of the story, who was one of his own co-prisoners. One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich is not a mere description of the hard and extremely difficult conditions of concentration camps; in fact, it is a reflection of the hard times in the lives of Russian people. The hero of this novel is also a symbol for an undefeatable character that does not become disappointed in hard social conditions.https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_18048_eca6a8ac0c45fbc2e1b6e3450c788ba0.pdfUniversity of TehranResearch in Contemporary World Literature2588-4131113420070220--18049FAJournal Article19700101Writers, literary critics and readers have always presented various definitions of literary works. To know whether the notion of 'literary work' is born from the writer's instinct, talent, reason, intelligence or inspiration is one of the questions still subject to discussion. The aim of this paper is to study literary work, its importance and its role according to the concept of early 20th century and among writers like Marcel Proust and Maurice Barrès. The notions we shall try to analyze in this article are elements such as models, which fertilize the writer’s imagination, the various stages of creation and the history of its development, from its internal origin to its final creation.Writers, literary critics and readers have always presented various definitions of literary works. To know whether the notion of 'literary work' is born from the writer's instinct, talent, reason, intelligence or inspiration is one of the questions still subject to discussion. The aim of this paper is to study literary work, its importance and its role according to the concept of early 20th century and among writers like Marcel Proust and Maurice Barrès. The notions we shall try to analyze in this article are elements such as models, which fertilize the writer’s imagination, the various stages of creation and the history of its development, from its internal origin to its final creation.https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_18049_84e1b5f24a03459782ab201680acc0ee.pdfUniversity of TehranResearch in Contemporary World Literature2588-4131113420070220--18050FAJournal Article19700101In spite of his short life, Lermontov left precious works for posterity. In the present article, considering his difficult family conditions and Russia's turbulences, the writer's works have been categorized into two periods: the first phase reflecting his preoccupation with family quarrels; the second concentrating more on political, social and philosophical problems. Lermontov's works, the articles argues, highlight problems like family quarrels, premature and shocking death of a mother, the life of a father who was condemned by the aristocratic society depriving him of his child and the social injustice brought about by the policies of Nicolay the First.In spite of his short life, Lermontov left precious works for posterity. In the present article, considering his difficult family conditions and Russia's turbulences, the writer's works have been categorized into two periods: the first phase reflecting his preoccupation with family quarrels; the second concentrating more on political, social and philosophical problems. Lermontov's works, the articles argues, highlight problems like family quarrels, premature and shocking death of a mother, the life of a father who was condemned by the aristocratic society depriving him of his child and the social injustice brought about by the policies of Nicolay the First.https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_18050_bc6fb324b926201b357c614b966a737f.pdf