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گئورگى ولاد یمیرویچ
ماسکوین
author
جان الله کریمى
مطهر
author
text
article
2002
per
This essay deals with the origin and development of Ashikh-Kherib by Lermantov. This story was written in 1837. Lermontov’s earlier prose (e.g. “Vadim” and “Princess Ligofaskia”) separated the concept of “The hero of our time” from fiction. In this period there was a drastic upheaval in Lermantov’s artistic thoughts which was influential in the second stage of his writing. If the main topic of his encounter with love is treachery, any encounter with the concept of love in his Hero of our time is the best example of a “not ideal” love. These examples have created a lawful disipline in his writing which indoubtably serves as an original guide for his prose.
Research in Contemporary World Literature
University of Tehran
2588-4131
7
v.
12
no.
2002
https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12283_f2b513ab9656e4cd6d2944f6fba794bb.pdf
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ژاله کهنموئى
پور
author
text
article
2002
per
The word ‘travel’ in literature goes along with the word ‘exotism’ meaning non-native. This word became prevalent in French literature after the nineteenth century as a result of numerous travels of writers to diverse spots including the East. The souvenir of these travels was a series of stereotypes and set thoughts entered literature so that some of them still remain in French literature. Sometimes contemporary writers resorted to these ct thoughts to discribe the customs or habits of the East that on the one hand, stem from westernisation of the East among the Europeans and on the other hand, it is the explanation of a sort of intertexture.
The Eastern thought is totally based on beliefs and recognitions of the culture and civilisation of the East and its comparison with Western customs. With confrontation of the two cultures, in case the writer does not accept the change easily, the stereotypes will create a negative impact. In the twentieth century, because the number of the writers who have talked about the East in their works are far more than those in the nineteenth century and because many of them are eastern Francophone writers, who have admired the values of philosophy and thought of the East, their image of the East in French literature is different from that of the literature of the nineteenth century.
Research in Contemporary World Literature
University of Tehran
2588-4131
7
v.
12
no.
2002
https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12284_56f07644a24e347cc6f1af9146a4bf18.pdf
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جان الله کریمى
مطهر
author
text
article
2002
per
In the beginning of this article there is a comparison between the personages, themes, and events in Lev Tolstoy and Feodor Dostayevski works opposed to Anton Checkov’s works. Opposed to Tolstoy and Dostayevski who wrote about extraordinary personages and the great and important events of Russia and the world, Chekov wrote about common themes, everyday events, and personages from middle-class families.
After this comparison, Checkov’s use of old and traditional themes, that have been seen in other authors’ works like Gogol, with the defference that they are written in the form of short story comedies, is shown and analysed. He not only critisized literature themes, but with a new outlook he showed and analysed them. In this way he expresses his point of view about different ideas written in different literary works.
Research in Contemporary World Literature
University of Tehran
2588-4131
7
v.
12
no.
2002
https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12285_375a13d5e32f306a55519c94d8418048.pdf
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فریده
علوى
author
text
article
2002
per
By having a glance at the French history and literature, it can be found out that the eighteenth century human beings were laden with eagerness for journey, discovery, adventurism, traveling and exploring the unknown and far horizons and lands. This eagerness gave rise to the widespread publication of travel accounts which were all the result of experiences from all European societies. It is all obvious that fiction is a very appropriate ground for the illustration of trip in the development of the modern economic geography, and has been an impetus in creating increasing changes in the culture and civilization of countries. Investigating the most important novels of the eighteenth century, this article examines the mutual effects of traveling and fiction in Europe and especially in France, a literature which encourages a lot of readers to travel and to seek adventures by combining reality and imagination and creating new myths, while at the same time undergoing a change in this direction.
Research in Contemporary World Literature
University of Tehran
2588-4131
7
v.
12
no.
2002
https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12286_d9738c78e8cfcbb2afa5151da3a24d15.pdf
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شهناز
شاهین
author
text
article
2002
per
Journey and travel seem to have provoked the imagination of poets, novelists and playwrights in the literature of different nations. As a whole journey represents a broader concept in the world of drama. The journey begins by the title of the play and on the stage the characters heighten it to a climax so that the memory of the journey lasts for a long time after the play itself is over. Three plays that are discussed in the paper depict three different kinds of journeys: For instance Eugene LAbicH ridicules traveling by train in his play, Mr. Perrichon‘s Journey; Albert CAMIJS’S Misunderstanding is about a tragic trip; Jules SupERViELLE in his Shéhérazade embarks on a journey on the wings of imagination.
Research in Contemporary World Literature
University of Tehran
2588-4131
7
v.
12
no.
2002
https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12287_5ef022273b4ea7a83f6e2264bc67b0c6.pdf
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طهمورث
ساجدى
author
text
article
2002
per
Gerard de Nerval, who was a great French writer in the first half of the nineteenth century, created a new innovation in the literary genre of this century by publishing his book Journey to East(1851). During his age, journey in literature had put on a new face, and it should be mentioned that several works had been published in this field. But Nerval, who had been influenced by English and German writers, and had studied several works related to the journeys of writers, decided to take away the monotonous manner in writing concrete itinerary, and be the sponsor of a new literary genre, which have had its special position in point of view of literature. He spent seven years for writing his great work, and was to fulfil his goal, that is the significance and importance of journey in literature through writing novel. In this article we will see how his great work has generated in point of view of literature.
Research in Contemporary World Literature
University of Tehran
2588-4131
7
v.
12
no.
2002
https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12288_c438a6ac837eb89825473e8318eea0a4.pdf
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سید حسن
زهرایى
author
text
article
2002
per
Syntax, as a part of grammar, studies the rules and characteristics of word combination. It also analyzes the role of words in the structure of syntactic units such as phrase and sentence. The most important grammatcal concepts corresponding to Russian syntax are: syntactic unit, syntactic relation, phrase, sentence, parts of sentence. The present paper investigates grammatical concepts constituting Russian syntax.
Research in Contemporary World Literature
University of Tehran
2588-4131
7
v.
12
no.
2002
https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12289_38f190ea0d6c977190f9df32f35a7fc0.pdf
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روح الله
رحمتیان
author
text
article
2002
per
Research in Contemporary World Literature
University of Tehran
2588-4131
7
v.
12
no.
2002
https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12290_097b172a62b906cc0988cd85390d0bc0.pdf
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رضا ذوقدار
مقدم
author
محمد
دبیرمقدم
author
text
article
2002
per
This paper aims at introducing a group of linguistic items called ‘discourse markers’ among other things. These items constitute a functional-pragmatic category of linguistic expressions which as the name suggests fuction primarily or even exclusively on the level of discourse, rather than that of sentence,i.e. they pertain to language use, rather than to language structure, and thus cannot be studied in the absence of a context. Discourse markers are thought of as providing metalinguistic indications about the unfolding discourse.
This paper first introduces an approach to the study of discourse markers formulated by Deborah Schiffrin (1987), and then based on the line of analysis in that approach attempts at comparing and contrasting the functions of ‘but’ from English and “اما” from Persian as discourse markers. It will become known that while these two markers have certain functions in common, they differ in one important function, that is, whereas “اما” is used as a marker of topic shift and introducing a new topic in Persian discourse, ‘but’ does not have such a function in the English discourse.
Research in Contemporary World Literature
University of Tehran
2588-4131
7
v.
12
no.
2002
https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12291_bf3a76629a7fe927079e38a1cc98f091.pdf
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اقدس
دستغیب
author
text
article
2002
per
The present study was conducted to investigate the role of listening in the acquisition of a second language. The basic principle of natural language learning, which is most closely associated with Krashen’s monitor model, is the distinction he has drawn between acquisition and learning. Acquisition is considered to be implicit, subconscious and follows a fairly stable order of acquisition of structure. Learning, however, is explicit, conscious and does not contribute directly to acquisition of language and performance. For a second- language learner practice in listening is advocated before production by supporters of this view.
Students participating in this study were two homogeneous groups with similar backgrounds. The instruments used consisted of a written proficiency test and series of taped listening comprehension drills. An experimental design was used and the students were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The data were analyzed using a test which indicated that the difference among the mean scores on the tests was not significant. This could be due to various factors which have to be carefully controlled if similar studies are to be carried out.
Research in Contemporary World Literature
University of Tehran
2588-4131
7
v.
12
no.
2002
https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12292_584adb23d4c7a22ac91f5485a10c1c71.pdf
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منوچهر
حقیقى
author
text
article
2002
per
To convey their messages to their readers, writers and poets of different nations have benefitted from the subject of journey or travel. Some of these writers and poets have given the subject a symbolic meaning, others have given it a mystic and spiritual significance, still others have used it to reform and guide the people of their own society. What is almost certain is that from both the writer’s and the reader’s perspectives the subject has been regarded as important.
In English and American literature also one can find many examples in which journey or travel has been used as a background for conveying different messages and ideas. The paper intends to present some of these literary works. Moreover, factors or elements that have played a determining role in the shaping of those literary works will also be discussed.
Research in Contemporary World Literature
University of Tehran
2588-4131
7
v.
12
no.
2002
https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12293_b33b25086057e933dfc1dd18046bb524.pdf
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امیرحسینى
author
text
article
2002
per
Infinitive, as a component of language, constitutes a basic form of verb in different languages. The study of infinitive from the perspectives of lexical structure and syntactic features attracted the attention of researchers as it is found in syntactic structures of both written and spoken discourse. This study examined the syntactic features of infinitive in Farsi and in Russian in order to find their similarities and differences in these two languages. The results show that on the bases of the syntactical features, infinitive can be regarded as a verb in Russian, whereas it is similar to noun in Farsi.
Research in Contemporary World Literature
University of Tehran
2588-4131
7
v.
12
no.
2002
https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12294_60f1cf440a3d45684751f5a43f7bd278.pdf
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پرویز البرزی
ورکی
author
text
article
2002
per
Typological classification is historically the first manifestation of typology in modern linguistics, starting with the morphological classification of language in the nineteenth century. Morphological typology usually recognizes three canonical types of language: isolating, agglutinating, and fusional, to which is sometimes added a fourth: polysynthetic. The majority of the world’s languages do not correspond to these types. In fact, the traditional morphological typology involves a language as a whole, not a particular construction. It could just as easily be applied to different parts of the linguistic system. For instance, the nominal system of a language may be agglutinative while the verbal system is fusional.
Research in Contemporary World Literature
University of Tehran
2588-4131
7
v.
12
no.
2002
https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12295_68848e1875f49f81a0c717ef8094f724.pdf
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سیدمحمد
انوشه
author
text
article
2002
per
The purpose of the present research is to explore the relationship of Cassirer's views on myth to that of Northrop Frye. Like other philosophers, he tried to express his views on myth and culture with the assistance of his popular precedents. Among popular myth theorists such as Frazer, Freud, Jung, and Spengler, it seems that Cassirer's view has affected Frye's thought deeply. The construction of Cassirer's thought on symbolic form and also his laws on myth helped Frye to draw on these thoughts in his most important work, Anatomy of Criticism, which is evaluated in this study. Though Frye is concerned with myth theorists, he tries to resurrect the fundamentals of inherited theories. The construction of this article starts with the assumption that literary criticism is the latest symbolic form in the horizon of knowledge and ends with the resurgence of speculations on informing the role of myth, which, in turn, forms new criticism as a new symbolic and formal phenomenon.
Research in Contemporary World Literature
University of Tehran
2588-4131
7
v.
12
no.
2002
https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12296_48b36c66e9557aaf68f67656fdea3fb3.pdf
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حمیده
بهجت
author
text
article
2002
per
Having in mind the age of Enlightenment as one of the bright periods of philosophy and science in the whole of Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, the present article first reviews its foundations and the manner it influenced Germany and then presents the worldviews of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. The article also discusses Lessing's play, Nathan the Wise that reflects the dramatist's intellectual concerns regarding this movement.
Research in Contemporary World Literature
University of Tehran
2588-4131
7
v.
12
no.
2002
https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12297_eb1549e221894bd753f58c5bf9a0a075.pdf
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محسن جان
نژاد
author
text
article
2002
per
This article discusses the results of a corpus-based, quantitative study which was conducted to examine gender differences in conversational interaction in Persian language. The corpus is 20:09 hours of mixed-sex conversational interactions. Amount of speech as a discourse variable was analyzed. The research reveals that statistically significant gender differences are found in the overall distribution patterns. Males do a greater share of talking than females. Gender differences between males and females on the sociolinguistic level are further examined in terms of two factors: topic and the ratio of male to female participants. The results show considerable gender differences in relation to these two factors. Males and females, based on certain topics, show different conversational interactions and the number of male participants has an effect on the language behaviour of men and women.
Research in Contemporary World Literature
University of Tehran
2588-4131
7
v.
12
no.
2002
https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12298_9cf83a921b970b8968eaa675e61456cf.pdf
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محمدحسین
حدادی
author
text
article
2002
per
Although several factors influenced the creation of West-East Divan of Goethe, the influence of Hafiz and mystical love supersedes others. Hafiz' thoughts reflected in his Collection have been a source of inspiration to Goethe for the creation of this German masterpiece. Goethe`s special respect for Hafiz became a major motivation for him. This article argues that this respect provided Goethe with a means to escape into a spiritual and mystical world away from the sound and fury of the west. However, one cannot ignore the influence of Mariane on Goethe, since the creation of this masterpiece, published in 1819, would not have been the same without his adoration for Mariane. Goethe`s platonic love for the latter became a means to mentally travel to the east, and Hafiz` Divan in particular gave him a true understanding of mystical love. Thus, eastern love became the raw material of this writing.
Research in Contemporary World Literature
University of Tehran
2588-4131
7
v.
12
no.
2002
https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12299_362573603f04b61ae476c13d192c4a1b.pdf
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ابوالفضل
حری
author
text
article
2002
per
Freud's article, "The Uncanny" (1919), paved the way for psychoanalytical literature. This paper examines two Iranian classic literary works from a "Fantastic" perspective: Gonbad-e Siiah (The Black Dome), a "marvelous" text; and Faraj-e Baad az Shedat (Relief after Grief), an "uncanny" text. Both texts undergo a main category called "the Fantastic" in which the reader has to experience the world described as a possible or impossible world full of fear. This, of course, depends on the readers to explain the occurrence of strange events naturally or supernaturally in which case the story versges on the uncanny or the marvelous, respectfully.
Research in Contemporary World Literature
University of Tehran
2588-4131
7
v.
12
no.
2002
https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12300_7371fdf90946cad33d6c7bfcbc9ed3a6.pdf
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جان اله کریمی
مطهر
author
text
article
2002
per
This article investigates some socio-cultural characteristics of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962) by Alexander Isayevich Solzhenitsyn, one of the outstanding Russian writers of the mid-twentieth century. In this novel the writer introduced a new topic into Russian literature, and for the first time pictured the detailed life of prisoners in concentration camps during Stalin's era. Since the writer himself had spent eight years of his own life in those concentration camps, in this novel he describes events and occasions realistically and comprehensively of one day in the life of the main hero of the story, who was one of his own co-prisoners. One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich is not a mere description of the hard and extremely difficult conditions of concentration camps; in fact, it is a reflection of the hard times in the lives of Russian people. The hero of this novel is also a symbol for an undefeatable character that does not become disappointed in hard social conditions.
Research in Contemporary World Literature
University of Tehran
2588-4131
7
v.
12
no.
2002
https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12301_c4ea564a67979a78f1e9fa81f0bf7134.pdf
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فرزانه
کریمیان
author
text
article
2002
per
Writers, literary critics and readers have always presented various definitions of literary works. To know whether the notion of 'literary work' is born from the writer's instinct, talent, reason, intelligence or inspiration is one of the questions still subject to discussion. The aim of this paper is to study literary work, its importance and its role according to the concept of early 20th century and among writers like Marcel Proust and Maurice Barrès. The notions we shall try to analyze in this article are elements such as models, which fertilize the writer’s imagination, the various stages of creation and the history of its development, from its internal origin to its final creation.
Research in Contemporary World Literature
University of Tehran
2588-4131
7
v.
12
no.
2002
https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12302_9d86035d3fe488f19f964241ccf93b72.pdf
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مرضیه یحیی
پور
author
text
article
2002
per
In spite of his short life, Lermontov left precious works for posterity. In the present article, considering his difficult family conditions and Russia's turbulences, the writer's works have been categorized into two periods: the first phase reflecting his preoccupation with family quarrels; the second concentrating more on political, social and philosophical problems. Lermontov's works, the articles argues, highlight problems like family quarrels, premature and shocking death of a mother, the life of a father who was condemned by the aristocratic society depriving him of his child and the social injustice brought about by the policies of Nicolay the First.
Research in Contemporary World Literature
University of Tehran
2588-4131
7
v.
12
no.
2002
https://jor.ut.ac.ir/article_12303_db8330d5054f44ca07ccdba8dfcabb82.pdf